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                    <text>CACHE&#13;
CHAMBER OF&#13;
COMMERCE&#13;
&#13;
Mr. Todd G. Weston&#13;
Board of Commmissioners&#13;
Utah Department of Transportation&#13;
285 Temple View Drive&#13;
Logan, Utah 84321&#13;
Dear Todd:&#13;
The Cache Chamber of Commerce Board of Directors met&#13;
on January 7, 1987, for a special meeting and made a&#13;
resolution wherein it unanimously voted to approve&#13;
the following priorities for local highway improvements.&#13;
&#13;
1. Four-lane highway from Logan to Freeway&#13;
at Brigham City;&#13;
&#13;
2. Highway upgrade from Smithfield to the&#13;
Idaho State line;&#13;
&#13;
3. Widening of the Valley View highway; and&#13;
&#13;
4. The Logan Canyon highway project.&#13;
&#13;
Representatives from Logan City and the Cache County&#13;
Mayors Association were present at this meeting and&#13;
indicated they would go back to their respective organizations for their views.&#13;
Copies of letters from those&#13;
organizations are enclosed herewith.&#13;
We appreciate your interest in behalf of Cache County&#13;
with respect to highway improvements, and if we can be&#13;
of assistance to you, please do not hesitate to contact&#13;
us.&#13;
&#13;
Sincerely,&#13;
Paula O. Bell&#13;
Executive Director&#13;
Encl. (2)&#13;
&#13;
52 West 200 North, Logan, Utah 84321 - (801) 752-2161&#13;
&#13;
"CA$H IN ON CACHE"&#13;
&#13;
�</text>
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                <text>Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Sierra Club, Utah Chapter Archives, 1972-1986, COLL MSS 148 Series VIII Box Folder 9</text>
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                <text>View the inventory for this collection at: &lt;a href="http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv03390"&gt;http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv03390&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="67048">
                <text>Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Libraries Photograph Curator, phone (435) 797-0890.</text>
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(

UTAH

STATE

UNIVERSITY

DARYL CHASE, PRESIDENT
LOGAN,

UTAH

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE

August 10, 1961

W. H. BENNETT , DEAN

J. Whitney Floyd, Dean
College of Forest, Range and Wildlife Management
Campus
Dear Dean Floyd:
I have read the statement on Road Construction and Resource Use prepared
by your College Committee on Road Construction with considerable interest.
This statement is well prepared and shows the results of considerable
thought and effort. I commend the committee members for the thorough job
that has been done.
I have some reservations about recommendation five on page 12 which recommends that local community organizations be developed to consider all
matters relating to resource use. In my opinion we are already overorganized and a lot of time is spent in trying to coordinate things, but
coordination might be taken care of as a matter of course if things were
on a simpler basis. I think we should work through the existing organizations and endeavor to create a greater awareness and consciousness of
the importance of resource use.
I also feel that recommendation number five is too broad and could lead to
organizations giving consideration to many diverse and unrelated aspects
of resource use. Perhaps the wording of recommendation five could be .
modified to mention specific things in keeping with the title and content
of the statement.
Once again I desire to commend the committee for the thorough, excellent
job that has been done. It certainly points out problems and conditions
that are important enough to warrant the best planning that can be done.
It is written in such a way that I think very few people could take
exception to any part of it.
Very truly yours,

Dean
WHB/cm
p.

s.

The word "stronger" in the second sentence of the second paragraph
(first complete paragraph) seems to be out of place. I am wondering
if the word should be "weaker" rather than "stronger."

�</text>
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                <text>Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, 14.7.17 Box 8, College of Natural Resources, Dean's Files</text>
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            <name>Rights</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="171633">
                <text>Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663.</text>
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                <description/>
                <elementTextContainer>
                  <elementText elementTextId="171792">
                    <text>E

o

0

•

ubjecti

ter:IAl tor The genta

!be t '0110 1ng is suggested tor inclusion

ic!4 CQPatructioone"gurce ~ .

'

ttached is a

tileo'opy of' &amp;ctension Circular 2&lt;11, issue 13'3 as :3 in
tb
rant C temUal ~ r1oa .
n init1al supplY ot 15
copies is being sent under e
te cover.
ditio 1 cop!
re

ilable through the

8

lleUn Room.

s you
0 , this s
te nt s been the ' bject of much
controversy., It has been ~ssoc.1 tedith the Logan C nyon
controversy d interpreted
a direct criticis or the u te

rt nt . In its distribution a
in discussion
. should amp size this, the tatement is intemed to Co
tribute
to
ettar
erst nding of on of the
complex!tie of hi
Y p nning . Its implic tlan
tio. 1 in scope. It contains sugge tiona
a modern tr , orta tion system 1th tul1 conside tion tor
11 resource •
.t1iglul Y De

County

to S

gents

te leg!

].at ·

re requeste

am

to personally eliver copie

other key peopl

t the

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�</text>
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                    <text>COOPERATIVE EXTENSION WORK
IN

AGRICULTURE AND HOME ECONOMICS
STATE OF UTAH
UTAH STATE U N IVERSITY
AND

U . S. DEP R f[MI!JN tD

at

AGNII:[)J LtrLl$E

EXTENSION SERVICE
LOGAN. UTAH

COOPERATING

To : President Daryl Chase
From : Jack H. Berryman
Date: September 1, 1961 .
Subject: Logan Canyon Road Construction.
I have the copy of Mr. Burton ts letter to you concerning the
Logan Canyon roadwork .
In the absence of Dean Floyd , I shall take the liberty of providing
you with the background information and suggestions on a reply.
For the past two years the College has been very interested in
the roadwork and named a committee to study the Logan Canyon road
and also prepared a statement on the impact of highway planning and
construction on resource use . I have served as Chairman of this
committee and have represented the College before the Cache Chamber
of Commerce and at highway planning meetings on several occ8sions ,
including the June 27 discussions mentioned by Mr. Burton.
We have expressed our position through letters from Dean Floyd
t o Regional Forester Floyd I verson and Mr . Burton , copies of which
are attached. Attached also is a dr af t of our proposed College
statement which has now been reviewed twice by the sta f f and is in
the process of final editing.
We have consistently taken this position : obviously roads and
road 1mprovements are necessary but planning shotild take into account
the impact upon al l resources and , 1n the case of Lagan Canyon, the
very important scenic , recreational and f ishery resources. W have
e
attempted to develop the prinCiple that cost of protecting these
resources should be a normal cost of road building . In view of Mr .
Burton's letter , we have been partially successf ul . To us the issue
I n Logan Canyon goes far beyond this immediate area.
I think a reply to Mr . Burton would be appropriate . I think ,
however, we must be cautious 1n endorsing the plan 8S revised
because the Forest Service has not yet issued a special use permit
and an endorsement by us would weaken their position as well as that
of the Fish and Game Department . Fu r ther, we have confined ourselves
to principle without reference to the specifics of engineering design .
With this in mind , may I suggest something along the following lines:
Thank you for your let t er commenting on the present
studies of the highway pl anning in Logan Canyon and also for
conSidering the philosophy of this University in designing the
highway .

�- 2 -

President Daryl Chase

September 1 , 1961

Obviously the decisions concerning the specifics of
acceptable design are the responsibility of the agencies
involved, namely your
the Fish and Game Dep artment ,
and the U. S . Forest Service. Our concern has been with the
principle--that highway planning must consider the impact upon
all other resources and that the cost of protecting these
resources should be a normal cost of highway construction.
We recognize that the deSign for the second phase of the
road has been modified to a considerable extent and th a t costs
ha ve been increased substantially _ To us this represents
progress in the establishment of an important principle that
goes beyond Logan River. Your cooperation is much appreciated

Q

I would apprec iate the opportunity of discussing this matter with
you .

JH8:jwt
c . c. Dean J . Whitney Floyd

�</text>
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                    <text>COOPERATIVE EXTENSION WORK
IN

AGRICULTURE AND HOME ECONOMICS
STATE OF UTAH
EXTENSION SERVICE

UTAH STATE U N IVERSITY

u.

AND

S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
COOPERATING

December 1, lC)Sl

LOGAN. UTAH

Rio rd H. tro , Executive Vic Pre 1d nt
Sport ish1ng In titute
Bond Building
abington 5, D ~ c.
r Dick:

ill recall that we
d so eorN pondence
liar
1th the Logan Canyon
d controversy. One
ou.tgrowtb of this controversy
a ppo1ntment of a College
committe to pre r
-ta te nt of principle on the br - d
aspects "'_f high Y p~nn1ng. s ~l toed to r ourc
•
Iou

in connection

o copie of the print
r port are at cbed /I' Typed
'c opies re released earlier lJ. st month to the gencies
involved and the ll'Ajor ne spapers ~re in Utah • . The s t
nt sparked ve'r'3 11vely interest,. s indio t
by the
t chad olips pre r.ed by the Forest Service .
ttent.1on
8 turther £ OCU ed by the Fore t S rvic '
retus 1 t · issue
permit until the canyon reaourc
re adeq tel.y proteo"'"oo.
Stat 19h y
rtnent i no ' ravia 1ng p ns for the
entire forty- mile road.

In pite of the fact that our at tement W 5 stimul ted
Logan Canyon
l.ogan C nyon ill re in the oe 1 point,
~ re primarily intere ted, at thi time , in the national
1mpl1c t10ns and in creating t vorable 011
tor leg1.
.. t1ve nd adnu..nistra.tlve processes to permit m()~e ooord1nted high y planning. It 1 our hope t t the ta tenant
will eontr1bute to a better unar tand:i.ng ot on , of' tile nnnrcomplexiti of high y planning.
e ould like to ~ ve our
terial vie d in thi light .

by

Individual copies of the t tement
Y'
writing to
ten10n Service, U h S te Un!
U h.
1

, rr
e

obtained by

ratty, Logan,

Inc1q.en1;AUY, the spec1f10 study on the sfore 8~ after
at 01 hJ.gh: y construction on flshery re ourc a ;.,. st.ill

�underway .

ment .

This is separate ·a nd apart fr-om the attached stateill not e available for some time.

Results
YOU!"

1nteres t is· very lWch a pprec ia. ted.
Sinoerely.

Jack H.

·rryman

WUdlife Specialist

" " .....I ........

IL

eet Dean J .

JJ:IB:Js

it~ Flo)'d

�</text>
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IN

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UTAH STATE U N IVERSITY

u.

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AND

S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
COOPERATING

1

LOGAN. UTAH

•

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R suIt
our in

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v ry

J ek • Hft.....
ildlife

ajs

ces

• i.ni 11
-ill R vl y
Ernest

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                    <text>Whitney Floyd

MEXORANDUM TO:

Dean J.

FROM:

Jack H. Berryman

DATE:

November 28, 1961

SUBJECT:

statement on Road Construction' and Resource Use

I would not want to see this College or University embarrassed. In that
spirit I recommend we do not delete the reference to Logan Canyon in the introductory section as has been suggested. For the record, these are my reasons:
1. The statement has been released with the explanation that it
would be printed with only minor editorial change. It is in the
hands of the press and agencies. It must have been duplicated
and circulated widely J as we have requests from allover the
country. It is now in page proof.
2. The reference to Logan Canyon has been quoted widely. Its
deletion would be noticed immediately and interpreted as a back
down. This would reflect adversely upon the University, damage
the cause we wish to serve and undermine the position of the
U. S. Forest Service.

3. The sentence is true. Damage was done. This can be authenticated. The Logan Can.ron road did stimulate our project. It
is the focal point and in future years will give added meaning
to the statement.

4.

Our supporters -- the state press (in fact everyone but the
Highway Department and the Cache Chamber) would be keenly disappointed i f they learned we yielded on this point.

,. We have already deleted every other reference to utah and
corrected an acreage figure that was misleading. We have assured
the ' Governor, the Chamber, the agenCies and the press that we favor
completion of the project.

6.

The passage referred to is introductory.
can only mean that we hit tlpay dirt".

The keen interest

There are other good reasons. Suffice it to say, I think we are not being
unreasonable. To modify the sentence might well be our undoing. I am fearful
a change would be used against us in the press.

�</text>
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                    <text>COOPERATIVE EXTENSION WORK
IN

AGRICULTURE AND HOME ECONOMICS
STATE OF UTAH
EXTENSION SERVIC E

UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY

u.

AND

LOGAN. UTAH

S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
COOPERATING

M E M 0

To:

M
rs. -ladys Harrison

Fro~:

Mr . Jeck H. 8·

rr~an

\G...

J.\ttochcd Ejr~ t wo copi s of Road Constr uct· on c . d
ResDur c8 ~se , a contrlbutiofiCif £he Ext ens i on--

S_tvic

~

and th _ Cn lege of Forest,

R3ng~ ,

nd

'ildl if 8 r·1a n ngem~nt , ,lubIluhnd joi ntly F~S Exten-

sion Circuler 297; olso as no . 3 in
entanninl Oiemo d Jubilse Geri~sD

th~ L ~nd

Gr8nt

Thio is th G ctement that fi ttr a ct ed 80 much newspaper pub lici ty hen rol l~sed in typed arm in

sarlV No vember.

It i s a vaila Ie for dintributio n through the publicat iuns room of ,he Extens i on :-erv · C8S in -- he
Agricultu r ~ l ScienCES Building.
JH8:js
~
cc: Dean J . ~hit n ~v Fl oyd
Dean Culms8e

�</text>
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                    <text>UTAH

STATE

EXTENSION
IN

UNIVERSITY
SERVICES

COOPERATION WITH COUNTY COMMISSIONERS
AND U . S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICUl TURE

t pril 4, 1962 .

cony

Mr . James Garner Deane ,
4200 Cathedral Avenue, N.
Washington 16, D. C.

It!
w

. ,

De r Mr . Denne:
Thank you for your letter of r arch 20 . Please excuse
my d lay but I ha ve been in the field . Our pamphlet was
stimulated bV he Logan Canyon road improvement project but it
was intended to have broader implications .
uite obviously,
there was a direct connection and a direc im act .
There was no public resistance to the first strip of the
construction work. Th ~ re was concern by the fish and Gar e
Department , the Forest ~ ervice and this Univer sity . The publ c
could not be stimulated until construction actually beg8n .
During the one-year period of construction and during the planning
stages of the second phase, the public did gXP es~ conce rn through
the pre~s and resolutions from private organiz a tions . Frankly. the
public reaction was lead by professional 0 sons inter ested in land
use .
It is difficult at this point to mako an appraisal but I think

it is fair to sa y that the attitude of highway plannors has and 1s
changing .
Perhaps not as far as we ltlDuld like, but progress 1s noted .
The design for Logan Canvon is being modified and there ore cartaln .
other evidences that more consideration will be given to ~th8r
resourceS . This change in attitudes, however, will not take the
place of adequate legislati on • .
Dr . Theral R. Black of our Department of ' ociology rec nt1y
dellv red a paper entitled 'Tho Impact of Highways Upon oCiety's
Spacial Living rrangements with Special Emphasis to Utah's W
awatch
Front Count! 8 . II Thio is a fine and internstlng presentation . r"'ay
I suggest that you request a copy?
I hope th s answers you questions .
of when your book is complete .

I would

lik~

Sincerely,
Jack H. Berryman
Wildlife Spec! list
JH8 : jwt

to be advised

�</text>
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D£e 1 3 1979 - - -..~ _
__
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT"

DEPARTMENT OF

TRANSPORTAJIO~

FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADM INISTRATION

-}'1eJ'11oraJlclztm-

Utah Division
DATE:

I
SUBJECT:

Project No. F-02l-1(4) Logar Canyon

December 10, 1979

In reply
refer to:

HBR-UT

Right Hand Fork to Ricks SPr ing
I

FROM

I

~ '-

Division Administrator
Salt Lake City, Utah 84147

\

TO

08-LE

Mr. William D. Hurley, P.E.
Director- of Transportation
Salt Lake City, Utah 84147

I
I
I
I
I

Reference is made - o -the category assignment for the proposed subj ectt
project.
In accordance with the Federal-aid Highway Program Hanua-l 7-7-2 (f), a
review of the nonmajor classification has been made.
Because- of the
scope of the project, the number of Congressional and public inquiries
received and the apparent opposition to the -proposed project based
on environment~l considerations, it has been determined that this can
no longer be considered a - nonrnajor -action.
Consequently, the nonmajor,
category III assignment concurred in by the Federal Highway Administration
on April 5, 1979, is hereby withdrawn.

I
I

,,

"
i f
, } ',

~,

As you are well aware, all new environmental actions are controlled by
the Department of Transportation's (DOT) Order number 5610.1C i~sued
in final form September 18, 1979, and the Council on Environmental
Quality (CEQ) Regulations which became effective on November 30, 1979.
This project now falls under the control of these two regulations for
all applicable environment actions and will be processed as a major
action.
We will be available to discuss this if there are any further questions.

I_

Ge orge -W. - Bohn, P.E.

)

�</text>
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                <text>Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Sierra Club, Utah Chapter Archives, 1972-1986, COLL MSS 148 Series VIII Box 28 Folder 8</text>
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                    <text>u.s.

..

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION
REGION EIGHT

UTAH DIVISION
P.O. Box 11563
Salt Lake City, Utah 84147 .
Decembe r 12, 1979

•

IN REPLY REFER TO:

HBR-UT
Mr. Brian Beard, President
Utah Chapter Sierra Club
93 East First South
Logan, Utah 84321
Dear Mr. Beard:
Reference is made to your letter of November 21, 1979, regarding the
proposed construction activities in Logan Canyon, Utah.
In accordance with Federal laws, the methods and procedures followed in
the development of highway projects from initial conception to the point
of advertising for construction are contained in the State's approved
Action Plan. The purpose of this plan is to define how the State intends
to comply with various legislative requirements such as the National
Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). In addition, the plan also outlines
how the State will coordinate with other government entities and the
public in developing plans for highway projects. For a clearer understanding of the process, a copy of the Action Plan may be obtained from
the Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT).
The Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) regulations (40 Code of Federal
Regulations 500, et seq.), as provided in section 1506.12, were effective
July 30, 1979, for direct Federal projects; however, agencies administering programs under section 102(2)D of NEPA are allowed an additional
4 months for State agencies to adopt implementing procedures. Consequently, for the Federal-aid highway program, the effective date of the
CEQ regulations is November 30, 1979. .
As a result of the CEQ regulations, the UDOT's Action Plan is currently
being revised to incorporate the latest environmental changes. Although
the revisions are not completely documented in the Action Plan at this
time, all projects (including Logan Canyon) processed through the State
and this office after November 30, 1979, will be in full compliance with
the CEQ and all other appropriate environmental regulations. Since these
regulations have just gone into effect, it is considered somewhat premature to imply that the UDOT is not in compliance with the CEQ regulations
or is in apparent violation of public law. There has not been, nor will
there be, any violations on environmental regulations with respect to our
actions on this or any other project.

�2

After a recent meeting with the UDOT regarding the scope of the project
and in accordance with Federal Highway Administration policy, a review
of the project and category assignment was undertaken. The currently
proposed improvement is of the type normally considered a nonmajor action
(categorical exclusion). However, the continuing controversy regarding
this proposal has convinced us that it merits special consideration. We
have concluded that the project should not be processed as a nonmajor
action (categorical exclusion) and have withdrawn our concurrence in the
~ategory I I I assignment.
The UDOT has been informed of this action.
We trust this response has addressed your concerns regarding this project.
Should you have any further questions concerning the project or its
future development, we suggest you contact the Utah Department of Transportation.
Sincerely yours,

ftKL

W. Bohn

�</text>
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                <text>Environmental policy</text>
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                <text>Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Sierra Club, Utah Chapter Archives, 1972-1986, COLL MSS 148 Series VIII Box 28 Folder 8</text>
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                    <text>CITIZENS
FOR THE

PROTECTION
OF

LOGAN
CANYON
Citizens for the Protection of Logan Canyon is a citizens' group of
volunteers
and
non-profit
organizations
working
toward
longterm
protection of Logan Canyon's scenic beauty, fish and wildlife habitat,
recreational opportunities and naturalness.
The Jardine Juniper is CPLC's symbol.
Located high above Wood Camp
recreation area,
this
ancient but beautiful tree represents Logan
Canyon's recr~ational diversity and unsurpassed scenery.

CPLC's proposal for Logan Canyon
o
The protection of Logan Canyon's scenic beauty, fish and wildlife
habitat, rare plants, recreational sites and naturalness must be a prime
concern.
o
An Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) must be prepared for CI I\y
significant
road
modification
proposals
to
protect
Canyon's
Logan
natural surroundings from haphazard road modifications.
o
Travel speeds between Right Hand Fork and Rick's Spring should
r e mn in as currently posted.
This area is very scenic and too s e nsitiv e
t. 0
IH I 1"111 I tan y
B 1 g n l f 1 C II n t
r 0 ,I d w LI Y III 0 d 1 f 1 c II t j () II!:&gt; •
o
Bridges which cannot meet structural safety requirements should b e
r e placed when possible.
These bridges should be two lanes wid e olll y .
Hi \lOl' al teratlons to bridge llpprollche~ wOlll d ho acc cq . t:llhl u .
l
o
Turning lanes at Tony Grov e Recreation Area Lind lleavet'
Area may be constructed to facilitate turning traffic.

~10UI\t Ll II\

Sk i

o
Parking areas should be built near Temple Fork Road and Cottonwood
Cnnyon (near Logan Cave) to improve traffic flow and saf e ty.
o
Additional warning signs should be placed along the highway
motorists about bicycle traffic, pulloffs and pedestrian travel .
o
The road
wi ll improve
J.Of, 1I11 Canyon.

t e llillg

should be resurfaced and restriped where required.
This
through traffic travel and nighttime saf et y throughout:

o
No climbing (passing) lane I:lhould b e buill lIL tllu I&gt;lIl.:,Wlly (lll : L Wl-"11
Lowel' and Upper twin bridges) _
A c 1 i III h j n g III Ill! W 0 u 1 d a t I: l : C t
it
V l- r y
sCl!nic area by requiring major cut and fill op e ratiolls with unsigh t ly
r et aining walls.
o
No road modifications should alter th e Logan Riv e r's wat e l' COlll' se
A l ter at ions could
since the river is a major recreational r e sour c e.
destroy important streambanks.
o
No new roads or major changes to the existing road shoultl be
con s t r u c ted fro In the Bear La k e S 1I111 mit t o t h c B e ar L iI k ( ! 0 V (! ... 1 0 0 k _
Til i ~;
hl" , ItW ily section is in LI very popular lind sel"lIll: r l! C r l : ;tt lOll :11 · l' : I .
o
Congress should designate Logan Canyon Highw a y O!:&gt; Uta h's
f ir s t:
National Scenic Highway_
This designation would recognize Logan Can y o n
as a scenic and recreational jewel similar to units in our Nation a l P n r k
System.
o
Logan River above Third Dam should be considered
r u r National
Recreational River designation under the Wild and Sc e nic River s Ac t .
This federal designation will protect the river's quality for a ll f utur e
g e nerations.

�</text>
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                <text>Correspondence from Dale Bosworth to Daniel Dake, May 28,1987</text>
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                <text>Correspondence from Dale Bosworth to Daniel Dake, May 28,1987 discussing how the EIS must comply with the Wasatch-Cache National Forest Land and Resource Management Plan. Bosworth states that the Forest Service supports an objective analysis of Logan Canyon but is unwilling to make a final decision without completed analysis and adequate public involvement.</text>
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                <text>Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Sierra Club, Utah Chapter Archives, 1972-1986, COLL MSS 148 Series VIII Folder 9</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="75086">
                <text>Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Libraries Photograph Curator, phone (435) 797-0890.</text>
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                    <text>rne ~, s

..

.a:=~~!!~ ~ 4~.s East 400 South B-4:)

·on
alt Lake City. UT 841 11/(80 1 )

~59- 1 ?37

April 24, 1987

Mr . Dale Bosworth
Forest Supervisor
Wasatch-Cache National Forest
Salt LaKe City, ' Utah 84138
Dear Dale:
Considerable concern has recently b e en expressed about the
Logan Canyon highway issues. DicK P i ne ha~ expr~ssed strong
and positive concern arid support to both Geo r ge Nickas and
me at preventing a widening g a p as 'this issue progresses. We
have, indeed, experien~ed this concern a~ well and 1 ik r ly
harbor simil iar fears a £ t o the leJel of acrimony which ·may
dev.lop over Logan C ~ny ~ n. Up on i suggestion f r om Georgs
NicKas, DicK Pi~. ~ a ~ set up a me et i ng with the p~ i ncipal
envir' onmental or' g ,~ I '. i .;~.1.ti ,ons and i nd i viduals, you and your
staff to discuss t hi s issue.
In anticipation c,f suc. h a meet i ng l 'et me outl ine O'Jr
concerns. Rathe r th &amp;n d iscussing the impacts to th~ canyon
environment from major road development, whi ~ are s +ron 0 1) '
documented, I want to re .\ ay to yo our c o ncer' ns wi t t.'';'' I")rt;st
Service involvement j n t ~ e issue.
We see the forest plan a i. guidance on Logan Canyon. Thus we
se~ th. Forest Service nn ~ a ~ a neut al parti~ipant but as
an advocate of the publi : s ' .f nterest _ . ~ ~xpressed in the
Logan Canyon Managemen t A\i... . a ~'i tandar d 's flo nd gu i de 1 i nes •.., i t~'l i n
the forest pl an. As a re s u 1 t u f the : I te n·t of the
~an agerne n t ar eo a,
its de s c r ip -\: .: on "'rn d ma rl a geme n t stan dar-ds ,
-here is no ..doubt. that onl y mi no r i d; s t ur- ba nces a:::.soc i ated
. w r th the Logan C~. nyon hi ghW fi Y. ca n be imp 1 emen t ~~ d . Th i s firm
u nderstand i ng of the forest \ p·l a n "'J a ~, fu 1 1 sup fJ or t ed by
conservationists and undersiood i n the a bove c u ntext. And it
has been consis t ently relayed in t hat ma n ner b y th @ Forest
Servic •• Only recently have we h eard different not l ons and
that is rather disturbi~g.
.I

It is within the context of the intent of t he f~re s t plan
that a franK discussion would be beneficial . I suspect it
would be helpful with I . esp~ct to a number o i issues a ~ well.

.
».

Thanks very
rdially,

. '.(*'/~I.tr'
i." r' . ,:.
t : I

::1.

mu ~ h .

�</text>
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                    <text>LAND USE MANAGEMENT
TRANSCRIPTION COVER SHEET
Interviewee:

Thadis Box

Place of Interview: Mountain West Center for Regional Studies, USU
Date of Interview: 21 March 2008
Interviewer:
Recordist:

Elaine Thatcher
Elaine Thatcher

Recording Equipment:
Transcription Equipment used:
Transcribed by:
Transcript Proofed by:

Marantz PMD660 Digital Recorder
Power Player Transcription Software:
Executive Communication Systems

Glenda Nesbit
Elaine Thatcher; Randy Williams (17 March 2011)

Brief Description of Contents: Short demonstration interview at which several people
were present, including Thad Box, Elaine Thatcher, Brad Cole, Randy Williams, Barbara
Middleton, Bob Parson and Glenda Nesbit. The interview covers Box’s early years and
education, including going to college on the GI bill and an epiphany he had after high
school that directed his course of study from engineering to agriculture (ranching) related
land use management.
Reference:

ET = Elaine Thatcher (Director, Mountain West Center for
Regional Studies
BP = Bob Parson (Interviewer; USU University Archivist)
RW = Randy Williams (Interviewer; USU Folklore Curator)
BC = Brad Cole (Interviewer; Associate Dean, USU Libraries)
TB = Thad Box

NOTE: Interjections during pauses or transitions in dialogue such as “uh” and starts and
stops in conversations are not included in transcript. All additions to transcript are noted
with brackets.
TAPE TRANSCRIPTION
ET:

Okay, you hit, oops, I hit pause out of habit.
Okay Thad. I’m with Thad Box. This is Elaine Thatcher and we are at the Mountain
West Center for Regional Studies at Utah State University. It is March 21, 2008.
And we are doing the first installment of an interview regarding land use and
policy. Thad, would you say your whole name for me.

Land	&#13;  Use	&#13;  Management	&#13;  Oral	&#13;  History	&#13;  Project:	&#13;  Thad	&#13;  Box,	&#13;  21	&#13;  March	&#13;  208	&#13;  

Page	&#13;  1	&#13;  

�TB:

My name is Thadis Wayne Box.

ET:

Thaddeus?

TB:

Thadis. T H A D I S

ET:

Oh.

TB:

I don’t think my mother knew how to spell.

ET:

(laughter) Okay. When were you born?

TB:

I was born 9 May 1929.

ET:

Where?

TB:

On the banks of the Little Llano River in Central Texas.

ET:

Is that where you grew up?

TB:

I grew up there in Burnet and Llano counties; two adjoining counties in the hill
country in Texas.

ET:

That’s a beautiful part of Texas. Now I’m watching the meter – the meter is on the
front that tells whether it’s too loud or too soft. So I’m keeping an eye on that as we
go. Well, so how long did you live in Texas?

TB:

Oh I lived there; I guess I left in 194-, no 1959 when I came here. So I lived there,
discounting the time I spent in the army. I was there from 1929 to 1959.

ET:

Wow. Okay. So its home.

TB:

its home.

ET:

Yeah

TB:

Well. Yeah. Cache Valley is also home.

ET:

So then you came here in 1959.

TB:

I came here in 1959 and I stayed here for three years until I took a job back down in
Texas at Texas Tech, starting a Range Department there in directing the Arid Land
Center. And then I came back here in 1970 as Dean. Retired here in 1989 after 20
years as Dean roughly, and then went to New Mexico State for an endowed chair
down there. And then came back here after I retired the second time from New
Mexico State; in 1996 when we came back.

Land	&#13;  Use	&#13;  Management	&#13;  Oral	&#13;  History	&#13;  Project:	&#13;  Thad	&#13;  Box,	&#13;  21	&#13;  March	&#13;  208	&#13;  

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�ET:

What…

TB:

We’re slow learners. This is our third time back in Cache Valley. (Laughter) We
come and leave, we come and leave.

ET:

What draws you back each time? I mean, obviously one time it was a job. But what
has brought you back?

TB:

The people and the country. You know, this is really where we grew up
intellectually. You know the first time we went back to Texas after being up here
we thought we wanted to go back to Texas and it was a bigger shock than coming in
to Utah in the first place, going back, because we no longer belonged anyplace. And
we grew up here intellectually with Fred Wagner and these other people that you’ll
be interviewing. That they were our posse and this is the reason we keep coming
back is because of the people here.

ET:

That’s great. Um, well, you have grown up into this, this land related profession.
What brought you to your profession?

TB:

I think I was born into it. My family, (as far as I’ve traced them back to prerevolutionary time) were always people of the land. They were farmers and
ranchers and moved west each time new land opened up. And then, I was born into
a family there in Llano County that at that time, we were tenant farmers. Granddad
and dad all lost their land in the Great Depression with …. We’ve got a bank crisis
now, they had a bank crisis then and so we lost our land, we were back on the land
as tenant farmers. And so I actually grew up with the land. I didn’t know anything
else.

ET:

And then you went to school where?

TB:

I … Well I went to school at Southwest Texas State Teachers College for my first
degree and Texas A &amp; M for the Masters and Doctorate. I didn’t go to school,
though, until after I went into the army. I wanted to go to school. Mother
particularly and dad both, they’d neither gone past the grammar school area. But
they wanted me to go to college. But I didn’t go because I just didn’t, until I got
drafted into the army. And then when drafted in the army I went on the GI Bill and
never stopped after that.

ET:

Mm-hm. And what did you major in?

TB:

Agricultural education in the first degree and then Range Ecology for a master’s
and doctorate. I got into the Range program… I didn’t know there was such a thing
as range management existed until one of my professors caught me one day. I was
already in the process with the two other people building a radio station: I managed
a radio station for a while. And we were building a new radio station and the
professor, Leroy Young, stopped me in the hall, saw me looking at a bulletin board

Land	&#13;  Use	&#13;  Management	&#13;  Oral	&#13;  History	&#13;  Project:	&#13;  Thad	&#13;  Box,	&#13;  21	&#13;  March	&#13;  208	&#13;  

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�and said “You’re interested in range management?” And I said, “Yeah.” And he
says “Come with me over to Texas A &amp; M next week.” So I went over to Texas A
&amp; M and they offered me a fellowship and I sold out my part of the radio station
and went back to school.
ET:

Hmm. Now I want to ask, I want to invite all of you if you see that I miss a followup, I mean or I might have been planning to ask it later. But if there’s a follow up
question that you want to ask, raise your hand so that, so that I can call on you. Yes,
Randy.

RW:

I was curious about your [attending] a teacher [college]. [Did you get a degree as a
teacher at] a K-12 teacher at the Teacher’s College?

TB:

Yes. In fact I have a permanent teaching certificate, a high school teaching
certificate which came into being during my first assignment here. The College of
Natural Resources and the College of Education were having a big fight over who
was to teach conservation education. And both colleges wanted it and the other one
don’t. So finally the Dean of the Education College said the only way we can have
this taught in natural resources is you have to have a certified teacher. And Whit
Floyd who was Dean then came to the faculty and said “Does anybody in here have
a teaching certificate?” I raised my hand and so I started teaching conservation
education as an overload. They didn’t pay me extra for it. They didn’t give me any
release time. “You just, you teach it.” And so I taught it.

ET:

Oh my gosh.

BC:

I was kind of curious, you mentioned the GI Bill. Could you talk a little bit about
the impact that had on your generation in education?

TB:

Oh, well, absolutely. I think there were two great education acts. And neither of
them really came across as an education act in the building of America as far as I’m
concerned. The first one was the Morrell Act that established land grant colleges
and we’re in one here today [Utah State University]. The other was the GI Bill,
because what the GI Bill did was take a bunch of kids that had grown up in the
cedar breaks or on cotton farms or somewhere else, drug them out, taught them a
little sanitation and organization and then educated us. They sent us back and had us
go to college, trade school, whatever we wanted to. But educate us.
And if you look at what happened to the United States after that, when these people
came into the work force, it literally changed this country. The captains of industry,
the outstanding lawyers or politicians, all of them came out of that thing of where
we dared to educate all the people. And I feel very strongly that that’s the
responsibility of the people to educate themselves. And particularly educate the
poor kids that aren’t going to get into college any other way. I wouldn’t have gone
to college, in fact when I got out of high school I had, I think, six or seven different
scholarships offered to me. I was Valedictorian of my class, I was a fair football

Land	&#13;  Use	&#13;  Management	&#13;  Oral	&#13;  History	&#13;  Project:	&#13;  Thad	&#13;  Box,	&#13;  21	&#13;  March	&#13;  208	&#13;  

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�player, and I could have gone to college, but I didn’t know how. I sent off to get the
forms and they came back and they had stuff about student credit hours. I had no
idea what they were. And I was too embarrassed to go and ask anybody else what
they were. So I said I didn’t want to go to college. And went out building fence and
doing what my people had done for years and years, and it wasn’t until I went into
the Army. And to answer your question, a lot of people are like that. I’m not unique
there. They simply didn’t know what was available out there. They didn’t know
what ideas other people were thinking, or where you could get somebody interested
in ideas other than how to make a living out of the land.
ET:

But you chose a land related college education and that… is that because you...
why? Why was that?

TB:

This is going to sound corny but it actually happened. I was, after I got out of the
Army for the summer I was running the jack hammer on a construction crew. I
knew I wanted to go to college, but I had intended to be an engineer. Because I
thought building bridges and all that sort of thing would be good. And I was
working on construction and that seemed to be working out alright. And one
afternoon after work I walked down and sat on a creek bank, looking down at,
watching some cattle water down there. And a doe and fawn came up and watered
down there. And I sat and looked at that. I said, “I don’t want to build bridges. I
want to be back on the ranch somewhere. I want to be in ranching.” So that
afternoon I decided that I’m going into agriculture. And the reason I took
agricultural education I didn’t know anybody in any other form of agriculture,
except the county agent and the ag teacher. Those were the only ones I’d had any
contact with.

ET:

Was that moment strong enough to be called an epiphany?

TB:

I guess it’s an epiphany, yeah. I’ll go there with you. It was just I think facing up to
what I really wanted, you know. I had thought, I considered law at one time,
engineering. These were the sorts of things that they talk about that you go off and
make a lot of money and do important things and I thought that was what I wanted.
But when I came back and saw that doe and fawn down there on the creek bank, I
decided I really wanted to be in the ranching business. And I kidded myself for
many, many years, thinking that’s what I wanted to do even after I got in academia.
I think one of these days I’ll make enough money to buy a ranch to go back to that.
But I didn’t.

ET:

So you know what they say. The way to make a small fortune at ranching; start out
with a big one. (laughter) Um, I had a similar experience, and you know I took… I
took Western Literature from Tom Lyon here at USU back in the [19]80s and I
remember he, one of his ideas was that people who become western writers who
can be really identified as western writers are people who have in fact had some sort
of an epiphany with the land. They’ve had some sort of experience that has

Land	&#13;  Use	&#13;  Management	&#13;  Oral	&#13;  History	&#13;  Project:	&#13;  Thad	&#13;  Box,	&#13;  21	&#13;  March	&#13;  208	&#13;  

Page	&#13;  5	&#13;  

�transformed them. And brought them to a decision or has somehow changed their
outlook or confirmed their outlook. And that’s why I ask, because it sort of sounds
like one of those moments.
TB:

I don’t think I recognized it as that sort of a moment. It was just, you know,
deciding that’s really what I want to do. I’ve been kidding myself, I don’t want to
go off and wear a hard hat and design bridges and that sort of thing. I want to be out
here with the cattle and deer and run a ranch.

ET:

That’s great. Well um, so let’s see, have we covered what all your professional
training was? Have we, you had, you had your undergraduate degree.

TB:

I had an undergraduate degree then I did that in 2 ½ years. I came…. Well once I
got out of the Army I decided I wanted to go through. So I went right through,
summer school, everything else. Taking overloads every semester. And then we, I
got a fellowship over at Texas A &amp; M and went into Range Management work and
had a really, luck I guess to be given a fellowship on the Rob and Bessie Welder
Wildlife [Foundation] Refuge in South Texas. I was the first fellowship recipient
there, where a wealthy oil man in South Texas had given his ranch and oil wells to a
foundation to study wildlife in relationship to ranching. And so I was their first
graduate student and I went down there and I learned a lot about research and
ranching and so on. But I had very good fortune to be, meet a couple of people that
really changed my life. And one of them was from here in Utah, Dr. Clarence
Cottam. He was, came from down in Utah’s Dixie. He was Dean of Biology at
Brigham Young [University] before he took the job down in Texas. And the other
one was Caleb Glazener, a teetotoling Baptist from South Texas. And these two
men, I think as far as their work ethic, their dedication to science, what they thought
we ought to be doing, was more important than any academic work they did.
Because they really believed that we were out there to do something for society, not
to it; that our work had to make a difference. They wanted it to be good work. But
they also wanted it to be applicable to the people in South Texas.

ET:

How do you spell Glazener?

TB:

GLAZENER

ET:

GLAZ

TB:

ENER

ET:

E N E R. And Cottam is C O T T AM?

TB:

COTTAM

ET:

Now tell me once more the name of the reserve?

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�TB:

Rob &amp; Bessie Welder (W E L D E R) Wildlife Refuge. Clarence Cottam’s brother
Walter Cottam was the old ecologist down at the University of Utah. And their son
is Grant Cottam or Walter’s son, Grant Cottam was the ecologist back at Wisconsin
in you know, good blood lines and ecology came through their, got into my training
very early.

ET:

That’s great. This is probably a point where we can stop. Is there anyone who wants
to follow up with another question about his education? I think stopping at your
education and we’re about to where we should end. I don’t want to stop. (laughter)

TB:

Well you didn’t stop with my education. My education really came after I got on
the job out here in Utah. (laughing)

BC:

I have one more question, Elaine. When you got involved with looking at the
wildlife and how it impacts ranching, where was that science at at that time period?
Was it in infancy or were you building on another body of work or were you at the
beginning of that?

TB:

I’m, I’m…

BC:

As far as, you know, you mentioned you went to this wildlife …

TB:

Yeah.

BC…refuge to look at how ranching and wildlife coexisted. And I was wondering where
the science was at that time
TB:

Oh, the science. Okay. The field.

BC:

The field. Was it in its infancy or…

TB:

It was in its infancy. And Mr. Welder was really a visionary, I think. Because his
will that drew up the mission for that refuge is a classic. He wanted science, but he
also wanted it to be practical and he wanted them tied together. And that
foundation, now, I think, it turned out something like 250 or 260 Ph.D. candidates
from all over the world. Anybody, after I came here on the faculty I had several
students, Jim Bounds was one, that did work down there. You apply for a grant and
you can send a student down there to do the work and the foundation covers all the
work.
But no it was sort of a ground-breaking idea of how do we make money out of
ranching and still keep the wildlife and the community healthy. And the trustees
that set that up were very careful. They did a nationwide search looking for people
like that and they picked these two that I mentioned. Clarence Cottam, who had
been the chief scientist for the Fish and Wildlife Service before he went to Brigham
Young and then Caleb Glazener who was head of the Texas Parks and Wildlife

Land	&#13;  Use	&#13;  Management	&#13;  Oral	&#13;  History	&#13;  Project:	&#13;  Thad	&#13;  Box,	&#13;  21	&#13;  March	&#13;  208	&#13;  

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�Service at that time, and a world renowned wild turkey guy. So they put together
some people that they knew and knew could do the work. Yeah, it was an early
experiment in that sort of thing and it’s worked out very well.
BC:

Has it continued today?

TB:

Oh yes. Yes it has. I got their, their annual report just the other day and I think they
have like 16 fellows down there now working on the refuge, which is interesting.
When I was down there, well, they brought on two others right after I did. There
were three of us, all males. This last group of 16 I think there are only three males,
the rest of them are females. And there are a couple of Hispanics and at least one
black woman there, which when I was down there you know, they had people of
different colors and different jobs on the ranch. You just didn’t, you wouldn’t think
about a scientist in a dark skinned person there.

RW:

I have a question. We may need to refine our questions about this. I just thought of,
in some professions having a family, a wife. Some are more conducive to doing that
than others. Like in our profession, folklore, public folklore, a lot of people can’t
sustain a marriage because they’re gone a lot at night, they’re gone during, you
know, just big chunks of time doing field work. Have you… where, did your
marriage come in during this time? And your children? Is there, you know, does a
spouse have to be on board with this kind of lifestyle?

TB:

Yes they do. And that’s a whole nother story. And that would take several tapes to
tell that. But just the first one: I had just gotten married when I accepted the
fellowship over at, at Texas A &amp; M. And so Jenny went with me down to the
Welder. And I didn’t have any field crew then and she was a city girl, she wasn’t
very good at it, but she came out and helped me. She was in the field practically all
the time every day. In fact, so much that when I finally got my first degree – the
Master’s degree, the old soil conservation man in San Patricio County who had
been out helping me and worked with me wrote the graduate dean and said would
you please put Mr. and Mrs. on this degree. (Laughter) Because she was out there
working with me every day. But where the strain really came in is later when I had
projects in Africa and Australia and all over the world and would be gone, you
know for a month or six weeks at a time and it’s hard on a wife to stay home and
take care of the kids and so on when you’re doing things like that.

ET:

I hate to stop. But we’ll stop.

TB:

We’re going to get around to Logan Canyon sometime, aren’t we? (Laughter)

ET:

We will

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                    <text>LAND USE MANAGEMENT
TRANSCRIPTION COVER SHEET

Interviewee:

Thadis Box

Place of Interview:
Date of Interview:

At Mr. Box’s home in Logan UT.
April 1, 2008

Interviewer:
Recordist:

Bob Parson
Bob Parson

Recording Equipment:

Cassette Recorder

Transcription Equipment used:
Transcribed by:
Transcript Proofed by:

Power Player Transcription Software: Executive
Communication Systems

Susan Gross
Thad Box (4/4/09); Randy Williams (2011)

Brief Description of Contents: The interview contains some childhood and pre-college
influences on Thadis Box. He speaks of his education, mentors and of his subsequent career as a
natural resource professor. Box speaks about his philosophy on ecology and land management
practices, the development of natural resource management principles and how they may be
extended and applied beyond land management.
Reference:

BP = Bob Parson (Interviewer; USU University Archivist)
TB = Thad Box

NOTE: Interjections during pauses or transitions in dialogue such as “uh” and starts and stops
in conversations are not included in transcribed. All additions to transcript are noted with
brackets.
TAPE TRANSCRIPTION
[Tape 1 of 2: A]
BP:

It is April Fools, so we want you to be honest!

TB:

Yeah, well I thought about putting a frog in your coffee cup, but I didn’t!! [Laughing]

BP:

I’m Bob Parson, I’m here with Doctor Thadis Box, former Dean of Natural Resources,
Utah State University. We’re at his home on west Center Street. Beautiful home, first
time I’ve been in here Thad.

TB:

Thank you. Well, I’ll show you around before you leave if you’d like.

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�BP:

I’d appreciate that; a home with a lot of history in it. This was an Eccles home?

TB:

No, a Nibley.

BP:

Nibley home, right. Well we sort of started this interview a week or so ago; or two weeks
ago when Elaine Thatcher began to interview you at the Mountain West Center on
campus. And we discussed a little bit about your formative life and career in the Texas
hill country. And I wanted to just sort of begin there and follow up.
You mentioned a couple of mentors that you had down there. One was Clarence Cottam
who was a Utah man. I wonder if he had any influence on you taking your initial position
here in 1959?

TB:

Yes he did. In fact, he and my major professor (that I didn't mention) is also one of my
mentors. Vernon Young, a direct descendant of Brigham Young, was my major
professor. And when I graduated – both those people actually offered me jobs in Texas –
but I had an offer from Utah State here. And I wanted to come up here because at that
time Larry Stoddart and Wayne Cook and Art Smith were the big names in Range
Management. I wanted a chance to work with them, so I came up here then. But they all
gave me good recommendations and sort of clued me in on how to live in Utah,
particularly Clarence Cottam. He was a very interesting guy. When I decided to take the
job he brought me a stack of books. Clarence was a good Mormon – in fact I think he was
stake president at the time. But he brought me books, not only by Mormons, but antiMormon books for me to read and said, “Get prepared to live in Utah, read these.” And
we’d discuss them.

BP:

So he showed you both sides of the coin?

TB:

Yes, he did, he did. In fact one of the books that he recommended most highly had just
come out at the time No Man Knows My History.

BP:

Wow.

TB:

By Fawn Brodie. And he said Fawn Brodie was a real scholar and that I should pay
attention to what she wrote. And when I came up here I found out not everyone agreed
with Dr. Cottam. In fact we lost a babysitter because she saw it in our house and left.

BP:

It was not well received in Mormonia.

TB:

Well one of the things I’ve learned living in Utah, coming in then, is that Mormons who
are outside of Utah have a much different attitude toward the world and people around
them and other religions, as you do once you get into Zion here.

BP:

Why do you think that is, Thad?

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�TB:

Well I think they have to survive out there. They also get associated with people of all
different religions and faiths and so on. And they just, I think have a broader view of the
world.

BP:

Um-hmm.

TB:

They’re not any less a Mormon or for Mormons, I think those two men that I mentioned
(Vernon Young and Clarence Cottam) are two of the finest men I’ve ever known and
they lived the Mormon faith quite well, but they also let other people live their lives quite
well! [Laughing] But that wasn’t what – has much to do with Logan Canyon I guess!

BP:

No!

TB:

It’s how I came here though.

BP:

But it is interesting and then that’s sort of background to the social landscape. I want to
sort of follow up and I don’t know how many times you’d been here prior to your
employment here, but what were your thoughts as you came into the mountain west,
particularly Cache Valley, as compared to the hill country in Texas?

TB:

Well the first time I came here I had been to a meeting in Great Falls, Montana and drove
down through Logan Canyon, stopped here and visited the university and then out. And
at that time I was just overwhelmed at the beauty. I never thought I would live here at the
time that we came through. And I was particularly impressed with Cache Valley. One of
my earliest memories about that were the Lombardi Poplar trees lining the irrigation
ditches, delimiting the fields; when you drove into the valley you could see it laid out like
a map with the trees around the properties.

BP:

A distinctive part of the historic Mormon landscape.

TB:

Yeah, yes. And those trees disappeared in the ‘60s – earlier than that. When I left here in
’59 there were still lots of trees and I came back in ’70, most of them were gone.

BP:

What do you attribute that to? The short life of the trees?

TB:

Oh no. I attribute it to – I know why – because there was a movement with the federal aid
program to farmers to save water, to get rid of poplar trees. And they paid people to kill
them. And so they took them out all over the nation, not just in Cache Valley. So it was a
subsidized government program that took them out.
But anyway, back to what I felt like when I came into the mountain west. Let me go back
-- that was my first trip through here, just a fleeting trip.

BP:

What year would that have been?

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�TB:

That was in, must have been 1957; 1957. Then I came back here in 1959 as a professor,
or Assistant Professor in the Range Department. I was hired over the telephone and with
telegraphs (we didn’t have emails then); didn’t come up for an interview.

BP:

Didn’t fly you out?

TB:

Didn’t fly me up, no. And Jenny had never been in this part of the country at all. And we
left College Station with a new car – ’59 Chev – and a trailer on behind it that I built
myself out of an old Ford delivery wagon; looked like something going to Oklahoma! All
of our possessions in it, and a kid that was just learning to walk. And as we drove west
out through New Mexico – we’d spent quite bit of time in New Mexico – and into
Colorado and then into Utah, we were more and more impressed at the vastness of the
country, the friendliness of the country. Our first impression of Utah, we stopped in
Monticello to get gasoline and the guy came up and he was wiping our windows (which
they used to in the service stations) and he stuck his head in and saw our son and he said,
“Do you need a doctor?” and we said, “No, we’re all right.” And he said, “Well we have
a doctor.” Which rather surprised me, and I said, “Oh yeah, you do?” And he said, “Yeah
we finally got one, he’s here now, he’s in town.” [Laughing] He started telling me about
the doctor and I don’t remember what he was. He was some sort of a foreigner. But they
were just really pleased to tell somebody that stopped to buy gasoline that they had a
doctor in that town! And so that was sort of a shock – was Utah really this backward that
nobody has doctors? -- Because we didn’t know.
And we came on up here, drove into Cache Valley from the south and over the old road –
not the one that goes up Wellsville Canyon now – the old Sardine Canyon road. We were
really impressed; got in here really tired. I think we’d driven from Moab that day, a long
trip with a trailer on behind us, anyway, and tired. Got a motel, got in and I called my
professor –Larry Stoddart (this was in middle of the afternoon), he said, “Well come over
for supper.” Which I thought was fine. And he said, “I’ll pick you up in a couple of
hours” which he did. He drove us over to the house, it was summer so it was long days,
and we ate a barbecue or something he cooked in the backyard. And then he loaded us up
and took us up Logan Canyon. After all this driving, I thought, “My gosh, why is he
going to give us another trip up the canyon?” But I was young and polite and thought he
was going to tell me about range management. But he didn’t. He drove up the canyon, he
pointed out the camping places, he pointed out fishing holes. He stopped and showed us
this trail where their little boy learned to walk; we could go up that trail. And he talked
about Logan Canyon like he was sharing a special gift to us. Even as tired as we were and
wanted to get home and wanted to get the kid to bed, we were impressed at him giving us
the gift of the canyon and told us about it.
And it turned out to be one of the greatest gifts that we got when we came to Logan
because for the many years we’ve been here, anytime we feel frustrated or tense we go up
Logan Canyon. We did it with the kids when they were little, they were raising Cain with
us and having trouble, we’d just load up and take them up the canyon, let them play in the
water or go for a hike or something else. And as the kids left, Jenny and I now in the
summer time, I’d say probably three times a week we have supper up the canyon.

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�BP:

What’s your favorite spot up there?

TB:

Oh, I’m not going to give you the exact spot! Our favorite spot, and in fact the one last
summer when Jenny and I were sitting up there and we were talking about getting near
the end of life we decided that’s where we want our ashes to be scattered after the
medical students get done carving or whatever they’re going to do [laughing] (we’re
going to donate our bodies). But then I understand they cremate the remains and send
them back to the family. So we’re going to have to tell them where it is. It’s up near Tony
Grove, but it’s not at Tony Grove. It’s a place where you can stop your car and walk
about 150 yards I guess and be completely out of the hearing of the cars and a little
stream running by. I guess that’s the favorite place; one of the favorite places.

BP:

How important is it to humanity to have that solitude; to have places like that? Obviously
to Lawrence Stoddart it was very important. That’s the first place he took you; the first
thing that he wanted to show you.

TB:

Yeah, that had always impressed me. You know as tired as we were and the kid wanting
to go to bed, he felt like he had to show us that canyon and I appreciate it. But your
question how important is it? I don’t know. I think it’s important and reading
psychological literature and recreation literature that I’ve done, I don’t know how
important it is but it’s important for people to have some way of relaxing an getting the
worries of the day out of the way. People do it many different ways. One of the great
things about living here is that there are so many outdoor areas where you can go and get
away.
An example of that, when I found out about the 9/11 attacks I’d been at a meeting in the
morning and didn’t know about it and came back in here about 10 o’clock. And my
daughter in law who lived in town at the time called wanting to get together with family.
Well I tried to get in touch with them and she’d picked up Paul and they’d gone
somewhere else, so I just drove up the canyon. And I drove up to a place up in the Tony
Grove area and walked, got away from everybody and wrote a poem (which later became
a column that I published here in the local paper). But it was just having a place to go and
sit and think without other people bothering you. And that’s very important. I’m rambling
now, but that’s a way of answering your question. I don’t know how important it is.
Some people, those that live in Tokyo or somewhere where there is no outdoors must find
another spot, but it’s essential, I think, for human beings to have a way to get away from
others.

BP:

Well I think you know, we are very fortunate here because in large cities – I mean that’s
the argument used for the preservation of parks and open spaces and things like that. And
we have the most beautiful park imaginable right up here in these mountains.

TB:

Oh yes. And Logan Canyon is a real treasure – but it’s not only the mountains and the
public land and that direction; you can go west and then marvelous deserts in an hour’s
drive. East it’s a little quicker; ten minutes from now I can be up and away from people.

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�One of the interesting things now with all the increase in population, number of people,
you can still go up Logan Canyon and get out of your car and walk a quarter of a mile
and be completely away from people. I don’t think many of the newcomers realize this;
they drive up the road, they don’t bother just to pull up a side canyon and stop and start
walking.
BP:

I think it is a unique canyon. I don’t have a lot of experience, but one time we were in
Denver (lived there for a summer) and the canyons around Denver and around Boulder
and places like that, you can’t do that. It’s all private property – a lot of it is.

TB:

You’re right. And in fact that’s one reason that we live in Utah. We live in Utah for the
people and for the scenery and other things. But one of the reasons we live in Logan is
that we have public land on all sides of us. And I have more freedom to get out and
traipse around over the land now than I would’ve had I stayed in Texas and owned one of
the largest ranches in Texas. I could not take 10 million dollars and buy the kind of space
that I can use here, in my home town in Texas. Yeah, having public land is one of the
main –

BP:

No public lands in Texas.

TB:

Oh, no. Just small blocks, little state parks and I think a couple small National Forests.

BP:

When you got here and accepted your first position, how long were you here before you
left to go to New Mexico?

TB:

Oh, to go to New Mexico we were here thirty-something years. When I left the first time
I went back to Texas.

BP:

Oh, right Texas. Oh, okay.

TB:

Yeah. Well we were here three years in the first hitch. Yeah.

BP:

Three years. And how was the discipline of range management and talk a little bit more
about Art Smith and Larry Stoddart and Wayne Cook.

TB:

Well the discipline of Range Management, Forestry, all the natural resource professions
were in a phase of what I call “rehabilitation” or rebuilding the landscape. As I look back
at policy changes through the centuries, the first 100 years or so, up until about 1900 our
national policy was to conquer nature: get people out, settle the land. And it was the right
thing to do – I’m not denigrating our people, they had to settle the country, bring it under
control; bring it to bear. And then we went through a period of time when we started
trying to preserve things: setting aside national parks, setting aside national forests, and
so on with preservation. And then just about the time of the dust bowls in the ‘30s the
professions switched to one of trying to rebuild the thing that had already been messed
up. You know we went from exploitation to trying to preserve it and seeing that wasn’t

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�working, and let’s rebuild it. And that was the stage that Range Management was in in
the 1950s when I came in.
This school here, Utah State University, had a particular important role in that. They first
started teaching Range Management, Watershed Management, Forestry in 1914. And it
wasn’t until 1918 that they had a full curriculum under a man named Becraft started the
program here. And then in 1928 there became a Forestry School added Forestry to Range
Management and Watershed Management, brought in several other people and then the
people that I came in contact with Art Smith, Larry Stoddart and Wayne Cook – they
were sort of the second or third wave that came in, mostly just before World War II. And
they are really the ones that made the big impression on the rest of the world of what was
happening here in Utah.
Stoddart and Smith wrote a textbook that was first published in 1943 I believe (it may
have been published before that); they outlined the principles of Range Management that
were used all across the world then.
BP:

I believe it was called Range Management.

TB:

Yeah it was, Range Management by Stoddart and Smith. And that was the reason I
wanted to come here because they were the real leaders in this place. Very good scientists
and amazing people. Stoddart was trained in the Nebraska School of Ecology and had
that approach of Ecology and succession and brought that to this country. Art Smith was
raised in Providence, went to school here, studied under Becraft (the first guy that I
talked about) and then went to California and to Michigan for advanced degrees. And so
he brought to the table the whole contact with the local people because he was the local
people. You know I would often see him up the canyon on a horse. In fact some of the
early students that you may interview in this series will talk about Art Smith riding his
horse up to teach summer camp or breaking a colt the same time he was teaching kids.
And so these were I’d say two gents in the field that I was very fortunate in being able to
study with.

BP:

What was the reaction from resource users during that early period when the profession
was trying to make inroads in to rebuild?

TB:

It was mixed as it is today. You know the more progressive farmers and ranchers and
users of the land saw the value of science and how to apply it. And having worked both
in private and public land states, I’d say in private land states they are more ready to
accept this because it was their land that they were improving and they could see. Here in
the intermountain west many of the users of the public land resisted very strongly any
sort of regulation or any college people telling them what to do. I think the reasoning was
that attitude was tied in to the loss of permits. Because the public land was managed with
the laws that went into effect in the 1930s. Land was adjudicated and people had the
privilege to graze a number of animals on each given allotment. And then as science
came in and began to evaluate and say that many of them were overstocked. In fact I’d
say most of them were overstocked. And so one of the tools was bringing the vegetation

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�carrying capacity into equilibrium with the number of animals that were on there. And
most people then had to have their number of animals reduced. The people who had those
permits saw it as a loss of livelihood. That’s where there were really, really great
conflicts over the years that continued and still continue to this day but not as much as
when I came here in the ‘50s. It was probably at a peak then.
There were a lot of new Forest Rangers coming in that were dead set to get the land back
to where it could graze animals sustainably and there were people dead set that they
weren’t going to take any animals off the land. And so it became very bitter and difficult
situation.
BP:

During your long tenure here in the Valley have you seen positive changes in the
vegetation and things up the canyon?

TB:

Oh yes! If we had a video and when the snow melts I could take you and show you places
where Benny Goodwin (who was another young professor at the time that I was here) and
I built exclosures up Right Hand Fork and down Left Hand Fork on the other side. The
land was completely bare. Now the posts are still there for the exclosures but the wire
was taken up a number of years ago by the Forest Service. But there’s no difference.
There’s vegetation inside and outside the exposure now. It’s all healed over; the stream
banks are healing over. When I was here in 1959-60 putting up those exclosures it was
bare soil. It was just really beat out and grazed out, particularly in the bottoms.
Up Temple Fork and Spawn Creek and that area, was an area where when I taught
summer camp the first time in 1959, I’d take students to that Spawn Creek, Temple Fork
area to do their exercises and we would find areas – most of them were completely
grazed out. You could not find a whole lot of stuff except shrubs for them to work on.
We’d have to pick around to find the kind of vegetation we needed to do our exams. And
it was a good place to give a variation of different conditions as you went away from the
creeks or rivers up the side hill. So we had all that, but yeah. To answer your question
there is much, much more vegetation here – herbaceous vegetation – than there was when
I came here in 1959.

BP:

And that should benefit not only the land, but it should benefit the permittee too.

TB:

Yes it would. And I think the permittees are – I’ve not been directly involved with them
in the last decade, but it seems to me that there’s more understanding of what they’re
trying to do and willingness to graze them efficiently than there was before.

BP:

What are your thoughts on the two extremes? You mentioned the one extreme of grazers
in the early period that wanted essentially to put as many animal units up there as they
could possibly put, and the other extreme that says, “Get them all out.” Is there a place
for livestock on the mountain?

TB:

Of course there’s a place for livestock on the mountain. And in any argument, the
extremes are both wrong, when you get right down to it. The objective should be (on

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�private land or public land) particularly on the public land, where we’re trying to keep it
for future generations is to use it with whatever use you want to, but use it sustainably –
that meaning that it would perpetuate itself and options would be left open for future
generations.
You know a few generations ago the main use they wanted to make of land was livestock
or cutting timber from it and sod. Now this generation has many different ideas. Some of
them still want to grow livestock up there; some of them want to use it for just a
watershed to make sure we have plenty of clear water; others may want to ski on it or
something else. But the point is we ought to manage the land so that future uses will not
be cut out, that they’ll be available. We may not even be able to imagine what the future
uses are. So that means that the productive base itself – the plants and the soil – have to
be kept healthy and there to serve whatever needs we want in the future.
BP:

Was that the intent of the Multiple Use Land Act in the mid-70s? To try to –

TB:

Sort of. It was also somewhat of a political tool. The intent of the act that set aside the
National Forest, the act that created the Bureau of Land Management to manage the trade
lands, all those – the intent was to develop some sort of sustainable uses on the land.
They didn’t say it that way in those days, but that was the intent. You can go back and
look at the arguments and the intent of Congress – that’s what they wanted was to
perpetuate a healthy landscape in the long period of time. The Multiple Use Sustained
Yield Act came out mainly because of the arguments between environmentalists and
users – whether they be foresters or cattlemen or whatever else. And one of the political
compromises said let’s put it in the law that we should have multiple uses and sustained
yield. They spelled out the multiple uses pretty well, but they didn’t really understand
what they were talking about with sustained yield. And the reason I said earlier it was
somewhat a political act was that they wanted to guarantee future use of livestock or
timber, and all these other things on the land and then threw in the sustained yield
because they were looking again at the future of some sort.

BP:

What does sustained yield mean? How do you define that?

TB:

Well, how I define it and how it’s defined in the act and some other things are slightly
different. Sustained yield in the acts of Congress usually mean that you can continue to
produce timber or whatever product it is in perpetuity. In my definition of sustained yield
is that sustained yield is something that is using a resource or a unit of any kind to where
it can remain healthy and viable and keep options open for future generations. There are
several general principles that I think one needs to do when they’re talking about
sustained yield. One is that there should be equity and justice in the present generation
and the generation –

[Stop and start recording]
[Tape 1 of 2: B]

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�BP:

Okay we’ve turned the tape over here and Dr. Box was speaking about sustained yield
before. I’m not quite sure when that ran out – it cut some of your words off. But anyway,
let’s –

TB:

Okay well let me back up and talk about what my definition of what it takes to have
sustained yield of anything – whether it’s a human community or a plant community. The
first is that there is equity and justice in the current generation. By that I mean that the
individuals in the generation, whether they be plants, or animals, or people have the
opportunity to grow and prosper and reproduce. If they don’t reproduce there’s no way
you’re going to have sustained yield. The second thing is that there should be equity and
justice in future generations so that these generations can be passed one to the other;
again, whether we’re talking about grass on a rangeland or people in a human
community. And the third one that ties those two together is that the system has to have
some sort of trans-generational transfer to where you could transfer things from the
present generation into the future. And this includes genetic transfer, which we know
about, it also includes cultural transfer – that you have to be able to transfer the values
from one generation to the other. Again whether it’s animals knowing how to graze and
why to fence that area, or people. And in all these the long term health of the system has
to take priority over short-term gain and if it doesn’t then you lose sustainability. So all
these put together is what I call sustained yield, or sustainability, is that we have a system
that will continue in perpetuity. It doesn’t speak to uses, it doesn’t speak to “we’re going
to use the range for sheep or we’re going to use it for steers.” What it does is that we keep
the system healthy so that whatever the future generation wants can use it for that. And
they have the obligation to use it so if somebody wants to go and run giraffes on it later
they can!

BP:

Can I make an observation?

TB:

Yeah.

BP:

It seems to me that you’re lifelong study of vegetation and grass and rangelands and stuff
has philosophically moved way beyond that to embrace the whole human condition.

TB:

Well I think we have to. I mean, we are humans so we have to look at the human
condition. But we can learn a lot from looking at a piece of rangeland.

BP:

Um-hmm.

TB:

We can learn a lot if we stick to principles rather than get to arguing over uses or are we
going to use this land for recreation and run motorized vehicles on it or are we going to
run sheep on it? You know, you back up and look at that. The other thing that I didn’t
mention in my little definition of sustainability is that we have to look very carefully at
the interconnections and the interconnectedness of the system. The connections in the
system may be as valuable or more valuable than the system itself, so you don’t want to
break any of those connections. I get irritated. In the paper today there somebody was
talking about sustained growth in Cache Valley. You can’t have sustained growth unless

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�you are very careful in how you define growth. Growth in any reasonable definition is
getting bigger or getting more of it. And so if you get more and more and bigger and
bigger you eventually can’t get any bigger; you fill everything up. So the only way you
can have sustained growth is to not consider growth getting larger or more economically
productive or more people or anything else, but in quality. If you define growth as getting
to be better quality then you can have sustained growth. And I’m way off range
management now! [Laughing]
BP:

Well I don’t think you are because it comes down to an economic argument and the
reason people wanted to put more and more animals on to the public land was because
that was more and more revenue. It may be a quantum leap for some, but it’s not for me,
to see the reason that people want more and more subdivisions and more and more
commercial growth is to have more and more revenue.

TB:

Oh, of course!

BP:

That becomes one of the arguments. I think that your generation has been able to make
that argument more effectively on the mountain up here than they have as far as the
growth in communities.

TB:

You know one of the discouraging things is first, I would agree with you that I think
people that came before me and hopefully my generation has done a pretty good job of
taking care of the mountain, showing how it can be used. But the people as a whole have
not come along with this. You know, they’ve become more and more disassociated with
natural processes and are into artificial subsets of the main processes, whether it’s in the
stock market or whether it’s painting houses or something else, and they don’t get back to
looking at principles. And I just really get excited and celebrate when I hear somebody at
any level – whether they’re a businessman or a politician or something else – that starts
talking about principles and looking at how we can fit this in with the problem.

BP:

Um-hmm. I tend to get too far field too. But I just want to ask you because I know you
mentioned before the connection with the land and how you had that connection in Texas
and how you wanted to continue to have that connection. And fewer and fewer of us are
able to have a connection with the land, and maybe that’s why there’s the disconnect
between what you’re talking about as far as sustainability and human communities.

TB:

Oh, it absolutely is. It’s a big societal problem is that there are so few people that ever
even have contact with the land. Fortunately I see a trend now in trying to get people
back in touch with the land. There have been several people in education start looking at
the ideas of getting people out and getting their hands dirty and getting them into their
yards or leaving some natural areas and getting kids out into it. And I think it’s important
at a very early age if we can. Most of the kids in America today – the only association
that they have with the land is probably recreational experience: they went to a park; they
went to Yellowstone one time. They don’t have the opportunity to get out and get
themselves dirty. There was a little soapbox article in the Herald Journal last week (I
forget the guy’s name) up in Preston that works in the D.I. up there that wrote about his

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�backyard. And I just wanted to celebrate because he was talking about as a kid getting out
there and the battles that he fought and how he won the NBA in the dirt and getting dirty
and having forts that he defended against all comers. All those things they are important.
And the kids I think want that. I have grandkids and one of the things that is most
enjoyable to me is to go out with the little two year old and that they get more interested
in the earthworm than they do in me! You know that is an exciting thing! But they’ve
constantly got pressures from something else because they live in a different world.
A couple of years ago when my grandson William was about just maybe two and a half,
three years old – he was “helping” me (to use the word loosely) in my flower garden
outside. I try to get the kids to work with me out there. And he found a dead butterfly and
he brought to me and said, “Grandpa, make it fly.” And I said, “It can’t, its dead.” And he
said, “Well put in new batteries.”
BP:

Wow! That speaks volumes there!

TB:

Right! Yeah. “Put in new batteries Grandpa.” And I couldn’t put in new batteries, but it
was a moment to stop and talk to him about why you couldn’t put in new batteries when
you found a dead butterfly.

BP:

How important in the training of students, how important was that summer camp up the
canyon by Tony Grove?

TB:

Again, how important, I don’t know. I think it is extremely important in teaching anyone,
not just natural resource people, but people that are studying to be natural resource
professionals, need hands-on experience. Just like I was talking about the little kids need
hands-on experience. They need to get out; they need to be able to identify the plants,
they need to be able to fight a fire, they need to be able to do the sorts of things that you
can’t do indoors. And that summer camp was a marvelous opportunity to do that.
My first experience in teaching in Utah was in summer camp. I came here at the first of
June in 1959 and Larry Stoddart told me we’re not going to have you teach anything this
summer, I want you to travel with the other professors and get out and see their
experiments; we have some money we can set up a little experiment for you, but we want
you to get acquainted with this country. On July 3rd my phone rang and it was my
department head, Stoddart said, “I’m going to have to go back on my word. Wayne Cook
who teaches summer camp, his mother died back in Kansas and he’s going. You’ll have
to start Monday morning.” That was a Friday! [Laughing] And I panicked! I didn’t know
what – “What am I going to do!” I didn’t even know what -- . And he said, “Wayne his
notes and curriculum stuff up in his office. You can go up and get it and look at it.” And I
went up and looked and I didn’t really understand it. Benny Goodwin was here and I
talked to Benny and he said, “Let’s go up and give you a short course.”
So we went up the canyon and Benny walked around identifying plants. I didn’t even
know the plants! I was raised down in Texas and these were whole new plants and stuff
to me. So we spent all Fourth of July with Jenny taking care of the baby down on the

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�river and Benny Goodwin and I walking around looking at plants. I took a Life magazine
with me and he’d tell me the name of a plant and I’d throw it in there and write its name
down. And we got about 100 plants. (No, that was Saturday. Sunday was the Fourth of
July.) And I went up – Jenny and I alone – on the Fourth of July and we picked up all the
– went through this again and I learned it. And then on the 5th of July, Monday, I was
professor and I went in and talked to these kids. And I asked some of them afterwards
(Jim Bowns, I think you’ll interview him this project later on, was one of the students
there) and I asked them, “Did you know just how scared I was?” And they said, “No! We
thought you were the professor.” But I did. So I learned as I went along there.
BP:

Those would have been upperclassman – didn’t they take this they’re senior --?

TB:

They took it between the sophomore and junior years. But these were mostly veterans
that I was teaching there. Most of them were as old or older than I was. But anyway, my
point is that being able to get out on the land with them and talk about principles of land
management and so on. They didn’t know but I knew that land that I was standing on – I
happened to have that crash course and being able to put names on plants and tell them
what the grass was and being able to look at the leaf of a Poa to tell a Poa from a Festuca
and so on and they thought I knew everything, but I didn’t. But to answer your question,
in that two month’s time that we had them we were able to get these students to get a
very good feel of what they would be learning the next two years. That’s the reason we
did it between the sophomore and junior year because you keep tying back to that. You
can take a field trip up there to show them later on. I think that sort of an opportunity is
essential, and I think we’ve lost something that we no longer do it. We’re not the only
college. A lot of colleges stopped. In fact, even medical schools and veterinary school
and so on now do most of their work with computers and with simulations rather than
with the real stuff. And you can do a lot with simulations, but I think if you put the two
together you’d have much, much better stuff. You could run the simulations then go out
and look at it, or collect the data and then run simulations.

BP:

Do you have any observations as to why you think that that has progressively been
downplayed? And like you say it’s across the board in academia.

TB:

Oh yeah. Well, yeah I have some examples of that. It also ties into policy. Some years
ago – in fact in the early ‘90s the Forest Service switched over and accepted the fact that
MBAs had been saying that you could be a Forest Ranger without knowing the forest.
You know, if you were a good manager you could do it. Prior to that if you went out on a
piece of land you expected the public land manager to know everything there was about
it. You know, you need to know the name of the plants, you need to know all the wildlife
there, you need to know where the drainages were and how much water was in them –
roughly, you know you didn’t have to put a weir in every one of them but you had to
know whether it was a permanent spring or not. And that gave a different kind of
management than the people that look at outcomes or data that they gather and the only
thing that they can gather are the vegetation and climate and soils and so on, and then
make projections from that. There’s a big difference, I think in the understanding this.
And as you said it’s not just in natural resources, it’s in all academia.

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�One of my students here that I had in summer camp went on to become a veterinarian. He
went to Colorado State and I saw him a couple of years ago. He’s now a very wealthy
and famous dog surgeon down in Phoenix. And he takes on, he said, about five or six
interns a year to teach them how to do surgery and so on. When he was at Colorado State,
Colorado State collected the old greyhounds at the race track there. And it was his job to
prepare them, cut them up, get them ready to ship to other veterinary schools. And he
handled thousands of dogs before he ever operated on one. And now there are very few
people who have ever had that opportunity to be able to really look and dissect an animal.
And the same thing happens on the range lands.
BP:

Well I’ll put you on the spot a little bit, but don’t you think that’s – I mean, when you get
some grazer, some rancher that’s been up here and knows every nook and cranny of these
mountains or out in the BLM country or something like that, and then you have
somebody that the Forest Service or the BLM sends in to manage that and they don’t
know anything about the landscape itself – doesn’t it leave the bureaucracy struggling for
legitimacy?

TB:

Yes it does. And it makes both the ranger or whoever it is – the manager – and the
permittee both at a disadvantage because they aren’t communicating. One of the most
important things, I think, in being a good land manager on public lands is not just their
technical ability, but their ability to communicate; to come in and talk the same language,
to be able to get out and listen to what this old guy that you’re talking about that knows
every nook and cranny, to be humble enough to say, “Would you take me up to that draw
sometime and show me that spring is a permanent spring and maybe we can improve it
some way;” instead of just trying to hide behind a regulation or a law.
In my many years of natural resource education in several states and in another country in
Australia even, we did you know, hundreds of surveys of people try to find out what we
should be teaching our kids. Very seldom did we ever get a comment that said that these
kids don’t know their trees or their grass or their animals or anything. But every time
we’d get bundles of stuff to teach these kids to talk, teach them to write, teach them to
think, teach them to get along with people. And part of this is a problem because the
people that at least used to go into natural resources self-selected because they were the
kind of people that liked to go out in the woods and not talk to anybody. And so you were
automatically working with a bunch of kids that weren’t really skilled with getting along
with other people.

BP:

When you came back here the second time as Dean, that was a period of time – in the
‘70s, right?

TB:

Yes.

BP:

That was a period of time there were a lot of those kind of people that self-selected to get
into natural resource management and those kinds of things. I guess maybe part of that
was the movement of the time. Will you speak a little bit about that?

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�TB:

Oh yeah. My 20 years as Dean here I saw all the extremes. We were talking about
extremes earlier. In the early 1970s we had the largest enrollment in Natural Resources
here that’s ever been in history – and probably ever will be. We were up to 12-1300 kids
one year. I taught a freshman class that the room seated 314 kids, and like the airlines I
would usually overbook to sign up maybe 330 and I’d think that they all wouldn’t show
up, but they did all show up! And others walked in off the halls. And I had them standing
up and the Fire Marshall writing me nasty notes about too many people in there. But it
was a time when a lot of people were really wanting to get back to nature, get out in the
woods. It was, you know near the end of the – well, it wasn’t the end, they didn’t see the
end in sight,– the Vietnam War.
The Vietnam War was hanging over people; the bomb was very real. They were scared
there might not be a tomorrow. The bomb was going to be dropped. The whole attitude of
society was building into these kids that they had to make use of the world right now and
a way to make better. They wanted to get away from the war; they wanted to get away
from the bomb. They wanted to rebuild the earth. And it was a marvelous time as far as
getting people into education.
But the change wasn’t taking place out on the land. The people were going along just as
they always had. And so there was a conflict there between these idealistic young people
coming in and the old timers and the users. You know one of the things we said then –
you’d get into a mob running behind it and say, “Wait a minute, wait a minute, where are
your leaders?” Because there were new people out doing the leading then. And almost all
the ‘50s were that way with students. And up until that time most the people that went
into natural resources, we assumed would get a job in natural resources. You know there
was always a demand for a Forest Ranger or a Range Manager or a Wildlife technician or
somebody like that.
These kids were coming in – they didn’t want a job, necessarily. They wanted to learn
something about the earth and a way to get out and make it better. They had just as soon
go into the Peace Corps and teach English as they would to work on forestry. There was a
whole different bunch of people that came in and the profession changed because of it.
And I think it changed for the better in many ways.

BP:

Um-hmm. And some of the people that we’ll be interviewing – I don’t know most of
them, I know Barbara has spoken with them, but some of these are products of that time
period.

TB:

Oh yes, yes. In fact looking down her list a lot of those are products of that time period.

BP:

How do you think their idealism changed once they got out – of course you’d have to ask
them that for sure?

TB:

Yeah, you’ll have to ask them that. Those that you’ll be interviewing are the ones that
stayed in natural resources mainly. Well, no I noticed a couple on there that became

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�school teachers and other things. But yeah, you’ll have to ask them that. But I’d like to
think that their grounding in ecology – we made attempts to get even those big classes out
on the land and to get them to think about the land – I think made a difference in
whatever they carried on. And I would argue that part of general education should be a
land-oriented course somewhere to where you get out and make contact with the land.
But they don’t do it; its hard work and such things as liability laws make a big difference
now. When I first started teaching we went on a field trip and we’d say, “Who wants to
take their car?” And they’d raise their hands and we’d take a bunch of cars up there –
wouldn’t dare do it now because you’d be subject to all sorts of lawsuits.
BP:

You wouldn’t even dare take a bus unless you’ve got some sort of liability coverage.
Yeah, that’s definitely been a limiting factor than before.

TB:

Okay – one of the objectives that I understand of this oral history project is to look at how
policy has effected land management. And you hinted on one policy there that I want to
go back and sort of emphasize – and that’s a policy in the late ‘80s and early ‘90s:
opening up the management of resources to non-resource people. And it was done for
really good reasons – Affirmative Action to get more women and minorities in there and
so on. But it broke down that idea that the manager had to be conversant with the land;
that they had to know how to manage things. And this didn’t just go on in the natural
resource professions. Where I first noticed it was in US Aid because we had a lot of
overseas projects at the time.
And it started with the Reagan Administration and went on through. There was the idea
that if you had an MBA you could manage anything, you know. You didn’t need to know
what you were dealing with; that if you had the principles of management, you could
manage it. And I saw very good aid programs overseas that were dealing with very
primitive people in agriculture – completely destroyed because they were looking for all
the reports and management and so on. So that was one thing: the change of attitude that
managers could manage anything.

BP:

Can I inject something?

TB:

Yeah.

BP:

What drove this? What’s the dog that was wagging the tail in this? Politics?

TB:

Yeah, it’s politics. And most politics are politics because there’s a real reason out there
somewhere that people are interested in. Politicians don’t dream up things to irritate
people – which most people think they do! [Laughing] They have an ideal or philosophy
that they want to get in. And I think this leads to what I was going to say.
The second thing that you probably won’t have many people talk about policy in natural
resources that I think had a huge influence, that was the idea of privatizing everything.
And it came in with the Reagan Administration. And this idea of getting MBAs and so on
was part of the idea of privatization. And how privatization affected public land

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�management is something that was pretty well hidden, you didn’t see it. But instead of
the rangers taking care of the campgrounds, for instance, and hiring a natural resource
student who would go up there and empty the garbage cans and get some on hand
training and so on – they contracted it out to a contractor who hired the cheapest labor he
could get (maybe an illegal alien, maybe his kids, somebody else to do it). And you broke
this chain of people working with the land, starting out doing the very simple sorts of
things and then working up to someday heading the Forest Service.
And you’ll hear those stories of people that started out emptying garbage cans. That
didn’t happen once you started privatizing things and outsourcing the management. It
was more visible in the Park Service where they brought in people. The biggest Park
Service manager now I think started out providing meals for prisons, but they got a
contract to manage the Park Service. So they came in and eventually they take over
everything. And that happened in all the land resource management.
So I’d say that was one of the big policy changes that affected land management and it
won’t even come up on your radar on most people you talk about. They’ll talk about the
National Forest Management Act, they’ll talk about NEPA, they’ll talk about all these
things that are very important; but the hands-on implementation came about with the idea
that we’re going to privatize the functions of whatever agency it was.
BP:

Well, so when you do that then again it comes down to the bottom line – it comes down
to economics rather than trying to get people involved in this system of managing our
lands. If a person is getting paid to empty garbage cans, that’s all they care about. If
they’re getting paid a little something to empty garbage cans, and it allows them to get up
into the mountains, into the campgrounds where they want to be eventually as a
professional, then it’s a different story, right?

TB:

Yeah, but the sad thing is if you look at the economics of it, the privatization usually
ended up costing more rather than less.

BP:

Well, you know I’m making another jump here, but look what’s happened to the military
privatization, I mean.

TB:

Yes! No you’re not making a jump – you’re going back to the principle. I was talking
about principles and they came in, primarily in the Reagan Administration and they’ve
gotten a little bit the idea that private enterprise can do a better job than the public in
anything. And there are people that held workshops and so on that argued that you should
privatize everything including the fire department and police department.

BP:

Prisons.

TB:

Prisons, yeah.

[Stop and start recording]

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�[Tape 2 of 2: A]
BP:

This is tape two; Thad Box and Bob Parson speaking this morning, April 1st, 2008. You
were talking Thad, about privatization of public agencies.

TB:

Yeah, I’d gotten off on this thing of how policy affects management and saying that I
think one of the biggest policy changes that has affected land management is the
privatization of the management of many of our resources. Which I got started in earlier
that I mentioned that it lead to selecting managers who understood managing businesses
rather than managing land and I think those two are tied together. And the privatization
started out very slowly with some of the more recreational lands like the national parks
and then maybe some of the military lands that need to be managed, then gradually got
into the actual land management agencies like the Forest Service and the BLM.
Another policy issue that has greatly affected land management, not only here in Logan
Canyon but worldwide, and that’s been the relative decline in the availability of research
monies. The money available to do land management research has gradually gone down.

BP:

From a high point of when?

TB:

Oh, I don’t know – I’d have to look at the data. But my feeling is it probably had a better
balance along in the late ‘80s and then we had before; I know if you throw in
international land management research as well as local. But for a long time a lot of the
research money for land management came through the state experiment stations and
came as earmarked money to go to land management. And gradually they switched from
money tied to specific land research to competitive research –

BP:

Competitive grants.

TB:

Competitive grants with the National Science Foundation, the National Institute of Health
and those sorts of things. That is not bad in itself; in fact I think it’s good that we have
competitive research and the best researchers getting the money. But what that did, it lead
to a different kind of research many times, than the kind that needed to be done. Where
the old state experiment station money came through, you’d be looking at a specific
problem that would be dealt with on a given area. And you were expected to develop
principles out of that, but also address what was happening on the land there.
Let me give you an example of some of the old time research that was done under that
that is not being done now. I talked about Art Smith and Larry Stoddart earlier. Some of
the work that they did up around summer camp and Logan Canyon and over to Hardware
Ranch and that area in Blacksmith Fork Canyon was looking at the use of animals and
their diets and a combination of stock.
They came up with principles that if you put more than one class of animals on a
rangeland that you make more efficient use of it; that it makes better sense to have cattle,
sheep, deer, elk because each of them have different grazing habits. And so you can have

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�more total biomass with animals that eat different kinds of plants than you have alone.
And so they were able to do that kind of work with money for specific science, though
the principle came out of it. They did that back in – I don’t know, it was before I came
here in ’59, so I’d say in the mid-50s sometime – they did it, published it, it’s quoted all
around the world, even today. Some of this common-use grazing sort of stuff.
When I came back here in 1970 as Dean, one of the first meetings I attended was the
Forest Service had called a public meeting on the allotment up around Tony Grove. They
wanted to switch to a common-use allotment up there. It was being grazed by cattle only
and they wanted to bring in –
BP:

The Forest Service wanted to, or the permittees wanted to?

TB:

The Forest Service wanted to. The permittees weren’t too happy about it because they
were cattle people. Several of the environmental groups just opposed it greatly. I
remember standing up on the hill there with all the Forest Service and these groups. I was
new back in town. And one of the people from one of the environmental groups said,
“We want to postpone this until you do some studies to show whether this will happen or
not.” And I pointed across the valley over there from where we were standing and said,
“Back in the 1950s Stoddart and Smith did some studies over there that proves the point
that it’s better for the land to put a combination of animals up here. Go to the literature
and find out what’s been done.” They still wouldn’t hear it, they had to set up their own
study to find out.

BP:

And did they do a study?

TB:

No, I don’t think so. I don’t think they ever put the sheep up there. I haven’t seen them. I
think, you know they were just able to block it. But my point is that the principles, many
of the principles that we need have already been done and in the old literature, and if you
can bring that out and bring it up to date, you don’t need to do a lot more research.

BP:

Do you find that the profession now is reluctant to look back at the older studies?

TB:

I’m not sure whether they are or not. I wouldn’t want to make that accusation that they’re
reluctant to look back. I think it’s more likely that the people who are making the
decisions have not had the culture of managing the land and looking back at the studies.
They may have come out of another field entirely – Sociology (and we need Sociologists,
I’m not arguing that), but something that is not dealing with the ecology of the land and
so there is a tendency not to look back then.

BP:

Um-hmm. I’m going to pause this for just a second.

[Stop and start recording]
BP:

Alright we had just a little interruption there. Okay we’re back talking about – what were
we talking about? [Laughing]

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�TB:

Well I guess we were talking about management up Logan Canyon and what’s happened
up there. And in the break I mentioned that when I first came here in 1959 and before I
had to teach summer camp, Stoddart had told me that I should get with some of the old
timers and look at a lot of the work that had been done. And I spent a lot of time with
several people – Ranger MJ who died last year, and some of the people ARS people and
looking at exclosures all over what’s now Logan Canyon drainage. And there were lots of
exclosures that had been put in by various agencies up there. And the area outside were
grazed off completely and you could look at the vegetation inside that should be there
now. Now you go back to those same exclosures and there’s very little difference
between what’s inside and out so the area has improved a lot.
What you could do as far as experimenting with the land has changed a lot too. One of
the early, I guess it was the first year that I taught up at summer camp Wayne Cook had a
study that he wanted to look at the use of various herbicides in controlling Wyethia this
plant that comes out in the spring with a yellow flower that you see that’s characteristic
of overgrazed ranges. There’s a whole big swath of it just above summer camp up there.
And he had a grant that looked at control of it using several different kinds of herbicides.
And instead of going back away from the road where people couldn't see it, he had the
airplanes fly from the top of the hill to the road so you could see the various strips. And
of course it killed out the aspens and Wyethia and other things. But he was very proud of
this and he put up a sign of what he was doing up there to improve the land by killing out
these noxious plants (they weren’t necessarily noxious, but the invading plants). And we
wouldn’t dare do that now. In fact, herbicides are banned from the land, but even if they
weren’t the Forest Service would insist that you’d have to get out of the viewscape and so
on.

BP:

You would not be putting it on with an airplane either probably.

TB:

No. Well in some areas they still do – or maybe a helicopter or something else. But that
same area that he flew the herbicides on has been burned at least twice since then by
Forest Service personnel with controlled burning, trying to control the aspen or keep the
aspen young and re-sprouting in that area. Wayne did it with herbicides and got rid of the
Wyethia at the same time.

BP:

Yeah.

TB:

Also where you go over the summit going to Brigham City on the highway down here,
off to the left right at the summit that whole hillside was covered with Wyethia and
Wayne went up there and spelled out “weed experiment” with his herbicide. And it was
visible until about the time I retired. In 1990 you could no longer see the bare ground, but
what you saw grasses that spelled “weed experiment” and there were these flowering
yellow plants all around it. In the spring you could see that.

BP:

What are your thoughts on those kind of programs? What are your thoughts on
herbicides?

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�TB:

I use them on the lawn for dandelions but I don’t think that they belong on the public
lands, except in very severe and restricted cases where you can’t do something else. I
think that most of what we need to be doing with public and private land is to use the
principles of ecology and natural phenomena to manage the land. And herbicides should
only be used where it’s not practical to do otherwise. And then, you know you have to
know what you’re doing. You just shouldn’t use herbicides to kill plants, you need to
know what effect it’s going to have on the connections that I talked about earlier – the
bacteria, the plants, the animals are all connected.

BP:

Do you think we overuse [inaudible] over a certain period of time because it was easy?

TB:

Yeah, it’s easy. The sins of herbicides are not necessarily that they mess up the
environment so much because most of them break down fairly quickly. But the main
problem with them is again a principle thing – when you used it you generally used it for
a specific, single case. And that case, if it succeeds may mess up the rest of the system.
You know it’s not so much the toxicity of the use – though that’s important in some time
– but it’s how it breaks the connection, how it changes the whole system. And this
happens when you start dealing with single uses. You know I think a classic in that and
we talked about earlier about the poplar trees in Cache Valley – this government project
to pay for getting rid of vegetation started because an economics professor down in
Arizona did a calculation (he didn’t actually kill the vegetation) but showed that if you
killed all the vegetation on the watershed that you could increase water flow by (I don’t
remember what) five-fold or something.

BP:

Is this the Salt Cedar down –

TB:

No it was not just Salt Cedar. This was – I forget the economist’s name – but it made all
the papers. People said, you know water is always the short resource in arid lands, “we
need to get rid of all this useless vegetation that’s using it.” Well trees are exorbitant
users of water and certainly poplar trees are. And so the government put in programs that
you could pay people to get rid of vegetation. They killed out all the big Cottonwoods
down in Arizona along the streams there that had great use beyond just using water, as far
as keeping the ecosystem managed. But they killed them out just to get more water. And
it took us a couple of decades to find out that we were doing something wrong. Well my
point here is that any time you go in with a surgical strike for one particular use –
whether it’s to increase water yield or make more grazing for livestock or to increase
teddy bears, or whatever else – that you’re going to get in trouble because you’re not
looking at all the interactions that are taking place.

BP:

Isn’t that where the discipline of natural resource management comes in?

TB:

Yes!

BP:

I mean isn’t that essentially what you teach, isn’t it?

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�TB:

Yes. You mentioned earlier, accused me of becoming more philosophical and branching
out into everything. The big core of resource management is ecology; looking at the
health of the system. And if you get the health of the system, whether you call it a cattle
range or a forest or fisheries that produce big trout, the principles of ecology are very
important. And if you start looking at how are we going to get more big fish out of the
pond, you’re likely to screw up the whole thing. You need to look at how you manage the
whole system.
The same way if you start looking at the landscape we’ve been talking about up Logan
Canyon simply as a place to graze livestock, you’re in trouble at the very start because
the objective should be to keep that landscape healthy and to keep it useful so that
whatever uses we decide to make of it we can make of it. And whatever use we decide
we want to make, we should make certain that it won’t destroy or cut out options for
people in the future. There are some places that you almost have to do that. For instance
if you open up a gravel pit here up Logan Canyon you’re going to probably change that
particular spot to where it can’t be brought back just by good ecological management –
that you have to do something on these drastically disturbed landscapes. Same thing if
you graze a range too long and you lose the soil on it; you change it to where you’ve got
to maybe do some rehabilitation of some sort. But otherwise you work with nature rather
than against it.

BP:

So nature’s pretty adaptive and – what’s the word I’m looking for? – it will come back.

TB:

No. I think one of the big mistakes that we have made in my generation of natural
resource managers is to teach, or at least mis-teach, to where people picked up on this
idea that if you do something bad to the land – whether you over-farm it or over-graze it
or burn it too much or cut timber off of it – that all you need to do is to back off and it
will come back. That’s not true. We used to think it was.
In fact, I mentioned that Stoddart came out of the Nebraska School of Ecology – that was
one thing that Clements taught and one of the main things we call “Clementsian
Paradigm of Ecology” that succession starts from bare rock and gets to a climax and then
uses force it back down that chain, you take the use off and nature will bring it back. We
now know that that doesn’t happen. But a lot of people – and they teach it in grade
schools and so on – believe that that will happen. That if you just stop doing the bad
things it will take care of itself.
It would if you hadn’t changed the system. But as I mentioned earlier with the soils
washed away, if the climate has changed during that period of time or if the conditions
are different, you’ve got a whole different system. And now we talk about states and
transitions and thresholds that if you force land through use – these dry farms over here
on the west side of the valley – if you stopped farming them now with the subsoil
showing on them and so on, they won’t come back to the same palouse, prairie-like
vegetation that was there when the pioneers first came in.

BP:

Right.

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�TB:

They’ll come back to a bunch of weeds and other things. So you’ve got to be careful with
this thing that nature will take care of itself. It will, it will stabilize the ground but it
won’t be the same sort of a community at all. The same uses won’t be available.

BP:

Where would you date that change in philosophy? In Clements idea – the coming to grips
with the idea that yeah, you can screw nature up to the point that it won’t always come
back at the climax.

TB:

It’s been around a long time but it really wasn’t accepted. Actually a British ecologist
named Tansley, probably in the 1930s was talking about this sort of thing. And then
Odum in his book in the ‘50s wrote something similar. But it wasn’t generally accepted
until -- must’ve been about the ‘70s or ‘80s. Some Australian scientists really challenged
the Clementsian Paradigm. They were looking at much broader problems – you know,
broader landscapes than we have here where they have ranching properties that they have
over there that they call “stations” that are half as big as the state of Nebraska. And so
you’re looking at different sorts of things. And they noticed the old Clementsian
Paradigm didn’t work.
We’d also noticed that here. I’d first noticed it when I came to the mountains. I had been
trained in the prairies where that Clementsian system works fairly well. You come here to
the mountains, there is a different eco-system on the north slopes and the south slopes;
there’s different ones between different kinds of areas within the mountains. So we knew
it didn’t work, but nobody had really worked out the principles and thought it through
until this Australian group (led by a South African really) started looking at it and starting
publishing in the literature. And then it came back into this country. And we’re still
arguing about it. There are people in the land management profession that would get very
angry with what I’ve said about that nature doesn’t bring places back if you just quit
using it. So we’re in that process of change now.
Just as a sideline, when I was in Australia in January, I had a yarn with Margaret Friedel
who is one of the scientists over there that was involved in that and interviewed her and
wrote an article for Rangelands or let her write it; just published her comments about
how they developed this concept and started early in there. We know now more than we
did. We still don’t know really how to manage the new concepts that are coming in
because we know that you can change a site so much that it will never come back to what
it was before, but how do we get it back? And I think what you do is really establish the
interconnections as much as you can and then maybe nature can take it back. But it will
be a different community than what you had there originally.

BP:

Nature itself can alter sites to the point where -- I mean is the landscape ever stationary?
Is it ever static?

TB:

No, of course not. You know one of the things that amuses me and irritates me and I get
mad at is just looking at the letters to the editor in the Herald Journal of people arguing
over climate change! [Laughing] Of course the climate changes! It changes all the time.
It’s not the same now, and that’s one of the main things in “nature” if you want to say, or

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�whatever, that the system adjusts to the changes. And most of the time it’s slow.
Sometimes you get a drought that will come on and maybe for a period of 50, 30, 60, 10
years and then change back. Or it may be a general trend. I became a natural resource
manager because of the drought of the ‘50s. I always wanted to be a rancher and the
drought of the ‘50s made my dad go broke and I went to college to learn how to be a
scientist. I never went back to the land. I’m getting off the subject.
Your question was does the landscape change with nature? Of course it does and we have
all sorts of examples. You can go up in the mountains and look at the fossils and see that
it has changed dramatically. And the argument over whether it’s man-caused or not is
also as silly as the one that some people saying we don’t have climate change. Well we
do. We could argue over the direction it’s going.
And whether it’s man-caused is argued. If you look at my field, range management, and
in any place in the western United States when it was opened up for grazing, we killed
out the Indians and the buffalo. Within three decades of the time it came here (and I’ve
got data that show it happened in the plains, it happened in Salt Lake) – within three
decades of when human beings came in with their grazing animals the land was
overgrazed. One system after the other came in. Now that was man-caused. And we can
show that the dust bowl of the 1930s was because of over-plowing and overgrazing. It
was exacerbated by drought. Sure, drought came in there but the erosion was mancaused. So to argue that humans don’t change landscapes make no more sense than the
climate doesn’t change. So I read these passionate letters to the editor about climate
change, I think, “These people don’t know what they’re talking about.”
BP:

So the land is really more fragile, I mean it can be changed easily?

TB:

It can be changed easily. I don’t think land is fragile. That’s one of the ways of thinking –
and there are some ecologists that disagree with me. You see a lot of times they talk
about ecosystems being fragile. They’re very resilient.

BP:

That is the word I was looking for a minute ago, Thad! Resilient.

TB:

They take a lot of change and come back. There are some systems that are fragile and
there are some resilent systems – and it usually shows up in what their evolutionary past
was. If you get a vegetation type that evolved in the absence of a large grazer – we see
more of them in Australia than we do here (but there are some places that if you look
back the fossil records you know they’d never had a big grazing animal on there) – they
tend to be more fragile and their vegetation will die out sooner when you start grazing it
and be less apt to come back and you’ll get another type of vegetation coming in. But I
don’t see the land as fragile. It takes a lot of abuse and it has an amazing regenerative
power.
One of the things that humbles me as a biologist is the regenerative power that occurs in
all systems. I don’t know what your wound history is, and don’t want to know, but you
can cut yourself, you can get shot in the army, and there are all sorts of things, and you

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�get well. They even note examples of where you’ve grown whole new vein systems for
some reason and they don’t know until after they do the autopsy that you’ve done your
own natural bypass. There’s great regenerative ability in natural systems. So, again, I’m
getting off the subject.
BP:

I think it’s all connected. I think your point that you’re trying to make is that there’s a
connection between the land, between humans, between animals; and again, it’s the
ecologist in you, right?

TB:

Yeah, I guess it’s the ecologist in me. I guess I’m very fortunate in that being trained in
that and working – well I know I’m fortunate to having a good job for many years in
ecology. But I was very fortunate to be raised on the land from the beginning. You know,
to be a kid outdoors and observing things that happened and wondering about them.
And sometimes it got me in trouble, you know. When I was a kid my uncle, who was a
year older than I, used to catch lizards and hook them up to old Prince Albert tobacco
cans and work them as a team. And we noticed that their tails would break off very
easily, but they could re-grow a tail. Well I had a great uncle that had his arm shot off in
World War I and one day I asked my granddad if God would let lizards grow a new tail,
why can’t Albert grow a new arm? Well that got me in trouble! [Laughing] I was being
blasphemous, questioning God and a whole bunch of things. And I don’t think I’m
unique. I think kids want to know answers to those questions. I talked about my grandkid
wanting to put batteries in the butterfly. Why can’t man grow an arm?

BP:

Well that’s the questioning nature of humans.

TB:

Yeah.

BP:

Why we’re out to discover things.

TB:

Another thing that may be off the point, but one of my opportunities in my career was to
work in Somalia before there was much –

[Stop and start recording]
[Tape 2 of 2: B]
BP:

We just turned the tape over and Thad was about to tell a story when he was in Somalia.

TB:

Yeah. The reason I’m bringing this story up to relate it to land management on national
forests is how very primitive people sometimes understand the connections and nature
much better than many of our professionals. I had the opportunity to work in Somalia in
1967 when there was only 85 miles of tarmac road in the whole country. And being out
with the nomads, many nights I spent in nomad camps.

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�One of the things I was trying to do was to build a checklist of plants and find out what
the plants were used for. I had a checklist that an old British biologist had made many
years ago. It had the Somali name and the genus and species and that was all. And I was
struggling trying to key the plants out with a key that wasn’t working very well. Our cook
who was with our project starting telling me the Somali names of the plants. And it
turned out that he’s been herding camel since he was 12 years old. I could ask him any
question I wanted to about a plant; he could tell me its Somali name. He could tell me
what kind of soil it grew on, how soon it came up after the rain. And he wasn’t unique.
The people that took care of the camels and grazed them there knew that sort of
knowledge. They learned it out there. And they’d learned the inter-relationships between
them: when you could graze and keep the vegetation going.
I was taking notes as fast as I could and once I got the Somali name I’d get the Latin
name. And essentially he wrote my report for me. This kid had grown up out there. And
my point being that anyone who spends a long time out on the land – watching camels or
herding sheep, or just out there hunting deer or whatever else – if they’re observing it all.
They see these connections and begin to make connections together. And then if you
suddenly find a theory or a system that ties them together, you’re very happy.
Art Smith used to tell the story about Ray Becraft who started the program here. Becraft
came through Utah State, studied with James Jardine and then took over the program
with just his baccalaureate degree, like they used to. And he was teaching forestry and so
on. I don’t know whether he got a grant or how he was able to do it, but he was able to go
to the University of Chicago where the famous ecologist Cowles developed this system
of succession or described this system succession.
Well Art Smith said that Becraft told him that when he started hearing those theories of
Professor Cowles his head hurt. He couldn’t go to sleep at night because he was relating
them to what he had seen all his life in the hills in Utah, and the grazing in Utah and so
on. So here was a kid, you know, 1500 miles away who got back there and he he ran into
something that caused him to tie all that he’d observed all his life – herding sheep or
whatever he did – together.
BP:

Now where was Ray Becraft from originally, do you know?

TB:

He was from Brigham City, I believe. Yeah, I’m pretty sure he was from Brigham City.
And he came here and did his work here. And he worked with Cowles off and on then for
a number of years. In fact some of the documents I think I got in Special Collection when
I was looking at the history of our college, I found that Cowles came out here and taught
summer camp a couple of years.

BP:

He was here for summer school in 1924 I know.

TB:

Yeah.

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�BP:

And probably other years too.

TB:

Yeah. And so that connection very early between the people here who were developing
the curriculum and land management and the best theoretical ecologist in America at the
time, it wasn’t an accident that this university developed that sort of tie. It goes right back
to those roots.

BP:

Pretty interesting. Yeah, that summer school that they established in the 1920s was – they
had the biggest names – it was a stroke of genius. I mean it really was because these were
professors that didn’t teach during the summer and they offer them a nice stipend to come
out here and it was a good climate in the summer.

TB:

And you have those documents in Special Collections?

BP:

We do.

TB:

I want to come up and dig through those because I think that’s really, right there is the
key to the early culture of this College of Natural Resources. It started one generation
before Becraft, with the Jardine brothers. They were from Cherry Creek, Idaho and came
down here. And I think one of them majored in Math and the other in English or
something. I know one of the Jardine’s taught English here. But they also started putting
together this concept of natural resource management.

BP:

They did.

TB:

Mainly I think because of the watershed problems; the hills washing down. And they
were looking at – and the one that studied Engineering was more interested in that. But
then when Jardine left, Ray Becraft came in and he studied and teaching. He taught
forestry, he taught range management, he taught watershed management -- all in 1918.
And then with his tie with Cowles and the theoretical ecologist it gradually developed
into what it is today.

BP:

Yeah. Very interesting history with how that came together –

TB:

Well I shouldn’t be talking to an historian about this –

BP:

Well, yeah but you were part of it!

TB:

You know there are two things that I am interested in: in biology and natural resources
history certainly is important. But it’s not just the history of genes, it’s also the history of
memes. And when Dawkins came up with this memes concept of the unit of cultural
transfer –

BP:

You’re going to have to define that for me. I’m not familiar with it.

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�TB:

Okay. “Memes” is a term developed by the biologist Richard Dawkins who has just
published this book that there is no god or something –

BP:

Oh, okay. Um-hmm.

TB:

A great, famous theoretical biologist. He came up with a concept called “Memes” (m-em-e-s) where he said that there was a unit of cultural transmission – that you could
transfer beliefs and values from one generation to the other. And that they were as
important as the genes in determining what the culture would be like. And that speaks
very loudly to me. And I think it speaks to people that work with land management, even
though most of them don’t know it because that’s not a concept that is normally taught in
biology courses.
That there are stories, most of these have gone through mother to child and learning and
stories taught around campfires and whatever, but it’s the memes that are passed on are as
important for a school as the genes. You’ve got to be able to pass on the passion, the
dedication. And I think one of the things that’s wrong with our country now (it’s not
wrong, I mean it’s just happening with our country that we’ve got to correct) is that we
aren’t passing on the values that make us a stronger, more democratic country. We’re
passing on values that its better to get rich than it is to serve your fellow man.

BP:

Right.

TB:

And so that is – and I’m way off the subject now! But that’s an important thing –

BP:

Well let me tell you – you know who John Widtsoe was?

TB:

Yeah.

BP:

He was the president here and the dry farm expert. But anyway, I just saw a letter that he
wrote to a former student who had been here, in which he congratulated him on his
graduation and his new employment (and I forget where he’d been hired, but some place
out of state) and told him to always bear in mind his responsibility as a college man, his
responsibility for the public good, and not to be overwhelmed with seeking money. And
that was his advice to this young graduate. I mean that’s – and you know you would
never hear that, you would never hear that. And of course that was a hundred years ago, it
was 1908. I think that’s important.

TB:

Well I had that drummed into me with family and with these mentors that I mentioned
(Clarence Cottam, Vernon Young, Larry Stoddart, Smith) – all, you know, that it was
important to serve. And that was the reason that I went into this, was to make the world
better. And if you’re going to interview (I see the list) some of the people that I taught
they may tell stories about me because that was one of the things that I always did was try
to drum into them.

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�In fact, many of the classes that I started when I was teaching in what was then the new
Forestry building (the one that’s now the Natural Resource Biology building). The
windows in the classroom faced the mountain. And on the first day of class I’d tell them
to get up and walk out and go look at that mountain. And then I’d tell them that their job
was to make that mountain better. And it’s corny, but it’s important. It’s important that
we feel value, or value what we do and that it will help change the world.
BP:

And do you see that as missing in the educational, in the curriculum today?

TB:

Yeah. Well, no I won’t say that it’s missing because there are people that do it. But this
generation, and the generations are different. And they have different ways of looking at
how to make the world better. You know, I’m sure that some of them believe that the
way to make the world better is to get very wealthy and then you can spend it making the
world better or something else. But I don’t see the general emphasis on that you’re here
to learn how to serve the general public; you’re here to make the community stronger.
There’s a lot more “it’s all about me.” I’ve noticed this, in fact I’ve been thinking about
writing up the change in the generations.
When I started teaching in 1959, most of the kids there were not kids, but young men (no
young women there), they’re young men and most of them were veterans of the Korean
War. I was a veteran of the Korean War and we’re about the same age. They were there
to get a job, work out on the forest and make the land better. You know and improve their
status in life. Most of them came off the farm, didn’t have any idea of ever being wealthy.
Their idea was to get a job where they could do something useful.
And then in the 1970s – we talked about this earlier – there was this idealism that swept
that whole generation of the ‘70s, that you know, we’ve got to do something better. And
they were obsessed on the threat of the bomb, the war. And the Vietnam War closed
down. But we still had the bomb.
So the generation of the ‘60s became the “me” generation; “I want to get mine.” And
Rambo ruled, you know. They were big. They were tough! That was what that
generation was all about.

BP:

The generation of the ‘80s.

TB:

Yeah, yeah. I said ‘60s – the generation of the ‘80s, I’m sorry. The generation of the ‘70s
was this make the world happy and everything’s going to be alright and then after the
Vietnam War it was the “Rambo Rule” time and I was going to get mine while it’s good.
And then the generation of the ‘90s (and that was the last generation that I really taught)
was a real mixed bag. Some people wanted to get back to the serve their world (and a lot
of Peace Corps volunteers and so on came through) but the others were wanting to, you
know get ahead quickly and make a lot of money. And so it was a mixed bag and I can’t
follow through on it.

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Page	&#13;  29	&#13;  

�But if you look back now at our leaders, most of them are coming out of that ‘60s
generation – that the whole idea was to get mine while the getting’s good because the
bomb’s over us and we’re liable not to be here anyway. And I think it’s affected us all the
way through society. It’s a long ways around of answering your question of whatever it
was – I don’t remember! [Laughing]
BP:

Yeah. I think, you know, we are what we’ve been taught and our culture. And I’ve found
that – how do you say that again?

TB:

Memes.

BP:

Memes.

TB:

M-e-m-e-s. Google “Richard Dawkins” and “memes” and you’ll –

BP:

I’ll put in “Dawkins.”

TB:

Yeah.

BP:

I think we’ve covered most of this. The one thing I didn’t ask you is a part from religious
zeal for the land are you a practicing religionist?

TB:

No. I’m an atheist.

BP:

Um-hmm. Okay, that answers that!

TB:

[Laughing] I wasn’t always. I was raised in very fundamentalist Christian church from a
long series of Methodist preachers.

BP:

Uh-huh.

TB:

My sister’s just been working on our genealogy and I didn’t realize how many Methodist
preachers there were. I was raised in that tradition. My first stint in Utah I taught the
Presbyterian Sunday School for college-age students. Had all the black people on campus
in my Sunday school because they were brought down there by Charles Belcher who was
going to make sure that Cornell Green and Willie Redmond and all those guys went to
church! [Laughing]

BP:

Did you find that it was out of a degree of real soul searching when you finally decided
that you did not have a belief in God, or was that something that you perhaps carried with
you for some time and you just finally came to the realization?

TB:

I think it just gradually grew on me. It was hard to admit it.

BP:

You’re carrying a lot of these cultural things.

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Page	&#13;  30	&#13;  

�TB:

Yeah. Because you know, it was so much a part of my life. And I taught Sunday school, I
was a ruling elder in both the Southern and the Northern Presbyterian churches for many
years. And I guess where I finally decided to be honest and come out of the closet was
that if there is a God and the god is not omnipotent then it is no god. And if there is an
omnipotent god and he lets the world get as screwed up as it is, he’s inefficient or
incompetent! So it makes no sense to believe in a god. This is the first time anybody’s
ever recorded that I’ve said it. I don’t go around telling people they shouldn’t believe in
God, that’s their business.

BP:

No reason to.

TB:

But for me it doesn’t work. And I guess a very personal thing may have been what put
me over the hump on this, My mother died a long, nine year agonizing death with
Alzheimer’s disease. She was one of the most Christian people I ever knew. One of the
most giving, selfless people I ever knew. So if there was anybody that God ought to have
treated right it would have been her. And you know, if there’d been a god that was
omnipotent, why would he let that happen? It just makes no sense.

BP:

Yeah, there are questions you can only answer two ways. One is that there must not be,
and the other I don’t know how people – people do deal with that. But there is a certain
morality that comes out of the Christian traditions and you don’t hear them talk much
about it in this day and age. But you talk about your mother and having that Christian – is
that anything that carries over?

TB:

Oh yes! And Bob I don’t deny at all, I am a cultural Christian. I am a Christian,
culturally.

BP:

Well I am a cultural Mormon. [Laughing]

TB:

Yeah, well I’ve run into a lot of them that way. I’m a cultural Christian and most of the
teachings of the New Testament I buy into because they’re good socially. But that’s
entirely different from saying that I believe in a god.

BP:

Sure.

TB:

I believe in the actions and the body and some of that. And you mentioned that there were
two choices: “I don’t know” or “there is no God.” I’m a scientist so you know, you set up
any sort of null hypothesis and you can’t find that there is a god. So you know, I’m much
more comfortable saying that I’m an atheist than I am saying that I’m an agnostic. And as
I say, I don’t go around talking this or preaching because I’m a cultural Christian and I’m
proud of my Christianity. But I’m not going to believe in God, that a god did it.

BP:

We are, like I said, we’re the sum of everything we’ve gained up to this point in our lives,
and so I’m sure it’s affected you –

TB:

Yeah, and it’s affected me mainly in my association with my fellow human beings.

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Page	&#13;  31	&#13;  

�BP:

Sure.

TB:

I’ve never thought about this and I’ll think about it after we turn this off, I’m not sure
how my Christianity and the evolution through the Christianity has affected my
relationship to the land, or if it did at all. It certainly reflected my attitude toward using
the land, but it still very much anthropomorphic. If you notice all the time that I talked
about uses it was for human beings’ good. And that’s part of who I am. I grow crops or
whatever because people need to eat. And I got into the profession of agriculture before I
did into ecology and the reason was I got in to feed a hungry world. That was very much
sort of a missionary thing – to get out and feed a hungry world.

BP:

Is there anything else you’d like to add right now Thad?

TB:

No, if you think of anything talk’s cheap! I’d be glad to visit with you.

BP:

I think there’s much more you’ve got to say.

TB:

Well I think we didn’t get into what I thought was this was mainly about was the effects
of policy on management. And it’s in there but it’s sort of – we can look at that again.
And like I say, I’m willing to talk anytime. I enjoy it.

BP:

I enjoyed it too.

TB:

Well thank you.

BP:

Thank you very much sir.

[Stop recording]

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Page	&#13;  32	&#13;  

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                    <text>About this collection:
By Thad Box
Logan Canyon runs east from the lush Cache Valley, which supported Shoshone families for
hundreds of years. Beavers raised their broods in the streams and marshes. The first Europeans,
mountain men and fur traders, gave rivers and canyons French names. Mormon pioneers
established farms and towns in the valley, cut mountain forests for lumber and railroad ties,
developed dairies and beef herds in the canyon. Landless, migratory sheepmen brought flocks
from afar. By the late 1800s, the land in canyons and mountains was barren. Sheep herds could
be counted from Logan by the clouds of dust they raised. Logan River and its tributaries were
polluted by silt and debris.
Utah Agricultural College was established in 1888 as Utah's land grant school. The Cache
National Forest was created in 1902 at the request of local citizens who feared mudslides from
denuded lands. These local citizens wanted the landscape rehabilitated. For the next 100 years
scientists, engineers and land managers conducted research, applied what was learned and rebuilt
the abused land. In so doing, hundreds of scientists, scholars, land managers and local citizens
helped reclaim the areas in and around Logan Canyon into a special place of beauty. They
gradually rebuilt its productivity. Hundreds of thousands of people come through the canyon
each year. The canyon has become more than a beautiful mountain canyon; it is a part of people's
lives and an icon of their culture.
Some of the earliest work at Utah Agricultural College and the Utah Agricultural Experiment
Station was stabilizing land to prevent landslides and improving overgrazed and overcut
mountains. Curricula were developed in the emerging fields of forestry, ecology, range
management, watershed management and environmental engineering. Managers were trained in
Utah, but worked worldwide. Academic units in the College of Natural Resources and the water
program developed reputations for land care. Their research was applied all over the world.
In an effort to document these efforts, Special Collections and Archives in the Merrill-Cazier
Library have the personal and professional papers of many of the scientists and land managers
who helped rebuild Logan Canyon. More are being added. These collections form a valuable
reference for anyone interested in land management and policy. These include papers from
pioneer academics such as Laurence Stoddart and Arthur Smith, forest ecologist Lincoln Ellison
and forest manager William Hurst.
Beginning in 2008, Utah State University’s Special Collections &amp; Archives, the Mountain West
Center for Regional Studies and the College of Natural Resources Department of Environment
and Society collaborated to collect the oral histories of key land use managers and users. Trained
interviewers from The Logan Canyon Land Use Management Project gathered oral histories of
people who have worked in or enjoyed the Canyon during the last century. In these interviews,
available in audio and transcript form, people talk about what Logan Canyon meant to them. The
stories of ranchers, recreationists, scientists, activists, scholars, foresters and sheepherders add
cultural depth to the work of scientists, engineers and academics. This growing collection of oral
histories and personal papers from those who have worked in Logan Canyon is fast becoming a
major resource for others interested in rehabilitation, land management and policy. These oral
recollections form a basis for understanding policy in one area. Principles from them can be
applied to broader land areas. 	&#13;  
	&#13;  

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              <text>2012-10-16</text>
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                <text>Thad Box interviews, 21 March 2008 and 1 April 2008, transcriptions, color photograph</text>
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                <text>The first interview covers Thad Box’s early years in Texas and his education. The interview was a demonstration of interview techniques by Elaine Thatcher to members of the Land Use Management Oral History Project members, including  Brad Cole, Randy Williams, Barbara Middleton, Bob Parson and Glenda Nesbit. The second interview contains some childhood and pre-college influences of Thad Box. He speaks of his education, mentors, and of his subsequent career as a natural resource professor. Box speaks about his philosophy on ecology and land management practices, the development of natural resource management principles and how they may be extended and applied beyond land management. He talks about the importance of people to have access to nature.</text>
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                <text> Utah State University. Forestry Field Station Camp</text>
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                <text> Somalia</text>
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                <text>Logan Canyon Reflections </text>
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                    <text>About this collection:
By Thad Box
Logan Canyon runs east from the lush Cache Valley, which supported Shoshone families for
hundreds of years. Beavers raised their broods in the streams and marshes. The first Europeans,
mountain men and fur traders, gave rivers and canyons French names. Mormon pioneers
established farms and towns in the valley, cut mountain forests for lumber and railroad ties,
developed dairies and beef herds in the canyon. Landless, migratory sheepmen brought flocks
from afar. By the late 1800s, the land in canyons and mountains was barren. Sheep herds could
be counted from Logan by the clouds of dust they raised. Logan River and its tributaries were
polluted by silt and debris.
Utah Agricultural College was established in 1888 as Utah's land grant school. The Cache
National Forest was created in 1902 at the request of local citizens who feared mudslides from
denuded lands. These local citizens wanted the landscape rehabilitated. For the next 100 years
scientists, engineers and land managers conducted research, applied what was learned and rebuilt
the abused land. In so doing, hundreds of scientists, scholars, land managers and local citizens
helped reclaim the areas in and around Logan Canyon into a special place of beauty. They
gradually rebuilt its productivity. Hundreds of thousands of people come through the canyon
each year. The canyon has become more than a beautiful mountain canyon; it is a part of people's
lives and an icon of their culture.
Some of the earliest work at Utah Agricultural College and the Utah Agricultural Experiment
Station was stabilizing land to prevent landslides and improving overgrazed and overcut
mountains. Curricula were developed in the emerging fields of forestry, ecology, range
management, watershed management and environmental engineering. Managers were trained in
Utah, but worked worldwide. Academic units in the College of Natural Resources and the water
program developed reputations for land care. Their research was applied all over the world.
In an effort to document these efforts, Special Collections and Archives in the Merrill-Cazier
Library have the personal and professional papers of many of the scientists and land managers
who helped rebuild Logan Canyon. More are being added. These collections form a valuable
reference for anyone interested in land management and policy. These include papers from
pioneer academics such as Laurence Stoddart and Arthur Smith, forest ecologist Lincoln Ellison
and forest manager William Hurst.
Beginning in 2008, Utah State University’s Special Collections &amp; Archives, the Mountain West
Center for Regional Studies and the College of Natural Resources Department of Environment
and Society collaborated to collect the oral histories of key land use managers and users. Trained
interviewers from The Logan Canyon Land Use Management Project gathered oral histories of
people who have worked in or enjoyed the Canyon during the last century. In these interviews,
available in audio and transcript form, people talk about what Logan Canyon meant to them. The
stories of ranchers, recreationists, scientists, activists, scholars, foresters and sheepherders add
cultural depth to the work of scientists, engineers and academics. This growing collection of oral
histories and personal papers from those who have worked in Logan Canyon is fast becoming a
major resource for others interested in rehabilitation, land management and policy. These oral
recollections form a basis for understanding policy in one area. Principles from them can be
applied to broader land areas.

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                <text>2010-2019</text>
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                <text> 21st century</text>
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                <text>eng</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="172121">
                <text>Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Fife Folklore Archives Curator, phone (435) 797-3493</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="172126">
                <text>1905-07-03</text>
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                <text>Logan Canyon Reflections </text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="82945">
              <text>&lt;a href="http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/LoganCanyon/id/122"&gt;http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/LoganCanyon/id/122&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Logan Scout Troop 5 wading at Tony Grove and White Pine Lakes, Logan Canyon, Utah, between 1915 and 1925</text>
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                <text>Inventory for the Logan Boy Scout Troop 5 photograph album can be found at: &lt;a href="http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv43746"&gt;http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv43746&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Libraries Photograph Curator, phone (435) 797-0890</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="92095">
                <text>Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Libraries Photograph Curator, phone (435) 797-0890</text>
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                <text>View of the Girl Scout camp at Spring Hollow in Logan Canyon, Utah, (1 of 2)</text>
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            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="92687">
                <text>Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Libraries Photograph Curator, phone (435) 797-0890</text>
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            <description>A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included.</description>
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                <text>Logan Boy Scout Troop 5 photograph album, 1915-1925, P0364</text>
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            <description>Date of creation of the resource.</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="99748">
                <text>Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Libraries Photograph Curator, phone (435) 797-0890</text>
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                <text>Inventory for the Logan Boy Scout Troop 5 photograph album can be found at: &lt;a href="http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv43746"&gt;http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv43746&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="91713">
                <text>Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Libraries Photograph Curator, phone (435) 797-0890</text>
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                <text>Logan Boy Scout Troop 5 photograph album, 1915-1925, P0364</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
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            <description>A related resource of which the described resource is a version, edition, or adaptation. Changes in version imply substantive changes in content rather than differences in format.</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="91731">
                <text>Logan Canyon Reflections </text>
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          <description>Give the URL for the item, if it is in another respository (like CONTENTdm)</description>
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              <text>&lt;a href="http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/LoganCanyon/id/244"&gt;http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/LoganCanyon/id/244&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>First Dam reservoir at the mouth of Logan Canyon, Utah, between 1915 and 1925 (2 of 2)</text>
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                <text>Boy Scouts of America. Troop 5 (Logan, Utah)</text>
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                <text>Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Logan Boy Scout Troop 5 photograph album, 1915-1925, P0364 44:02</text>
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                <text>Inventory for the Logan Boy Scout Troop 5 photograph album can be found at: &lt;a href="http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv43746"&gt;http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv43746&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="99883">
                <text>Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Libraries Photograph Curator, phone (435) 797-0890</text>
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                <text>Logan Boy Scout Troop 5 photograph album, 1915-1925, P0364</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="99888">
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            <description>A related resource of which the described resource is a version, edition, or adaptation. Changes in version imply substantive changes in content rather than differences in format.</description>
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