1
50
72
-
http://highway89.org/files/original/d85cd2f3c216d984dd9de86476dd4977.jpg
bf7c0f2fd126abfe4abb6676e4606d87
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Digital Publisher
List the name of the entity that digitized and published this item online.
Digitized by: Salt Lake County Archives
Conversion Specs
Scanned by Salt Lake County Archives using Epson GT-15000 scanner, at 400 dpi. Display file is JPG.
Date Digital
Record the date the item was digitized.
2014
Purchasing Information
Describe or link to information about purchasing copies of this item.
To order photocopies or scans of this item, please contact Salt Lake County Archives at: http://admin.slco.org/archives/resFees.aspx
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Stores at 10985 South State Street in Sandy, UT.
Description
An account of the resource
Stores at 10985 South State Street. Image taken in the 1970s.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Salt Lake County (Utah). Assessor's Office
Subject
The topic of the resource
State Street (Salt Lake City, Utah)
Salt Lake County (Utah)--History
Tax Assessment-Utah
Medium
The material or physical carrier of the resource.
Photographs
Black and white photographs
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1970-1979
Spatial Coverage
Spatial characteristics of the resource.
Salt Lake County (Utah)
State Street (Salt Lake City, Utah)
United States
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1970-1979
20th century
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Salt Lake County Archives, Tax Appraisal Cards and Photographs Collection.
Is Referenced By
A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource.
http://admin.slco.org/archives/resPHtaxAppraisalCards.aspx
Rights Holder
A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource.
Salt Lake County Archives
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
No copyright is held. Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is permissible.
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
StillImage
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
image/jpeg
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
SLCO_35A_37
Highway 89
Stores & Shops
-
http://highway89.org/files/original/dfef84b6e74488e26ebff74468f94bce.jpg
a4769bb73601766f7632cc54d2741748
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Digital Publisher
List the name of the entity that digitized and published this item online.
Digitized by: Salt Lake County Archives
Conversion Specs
Scanned by Salt Lake County Archives using Epson GT-15000 scanner, at 400 dpi. Display file is JPG.
Date Digital
Record the date the item was digitized.
2014
Purchasing Information
Describe or link to information about purchasing copies of this item.
To order photocopies or scans of this item, please contact Salt Lake County Archives at: http://admin.slco.org/archives/resFees.aspx
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Wolfe's Outlet Store at 255 South State Street in Salt Lake City, UT.
Description
An account of the resource
Wolfe's Outlet Store at 255 South State Street. Image taken in 1978.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Salt Lake County (Utah). Assessor's Office
Subject
The topic of the resource
State Street (Salt Lake City, Utah)
Salt Lake County (Utah)--History
Tax Assessment-Utah
Medium
The material or physical carrier of the resource.
Photographs
Black and white photographs
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1978
Spatial Coverage
Spatial characteristics of the resource.
Salt Lake County (Utah)
State Street (Salt Lake City, Utah)
United States
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1970-1979
20th century
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Salt Lake County Archives, Tax Appraisal Cards and Photographs Collection.
Is Referenced By
A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource.
http://admin.slco.org/archives/resPHtaxAppraisalCards.aspx
Rights Holder
A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource.
Salt Lake County Archives
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
No copyright is held. Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is permissible.
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
StillImage
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
image/jpeg
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
SLCO_01B_0075.jpg
Highway 89
Stores & Shops
-
http://highway89.org/files/original/9cd44bf7a5bb940f8373bed40f98ee61.jpg
a185681d8090f0a53c31be57e4fbcf2f
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Digital Publisher
List the name of the entity that digitized and published this item online.
Digitized by: Salt Lake County Archives
Conversion Specs
Scanned by Salt Lake County Archives using Epson GT-15000 scanner, at 400 dpi. Display file is JPG.
Date Digital
Record the date the item was digitized.
2014
Purchasing Information
Describe or link to information about purchasing copies of this item.
To order photocopies or scans of this item, please contact Salt Lake County Archives at: http://admin.slco.org/archives/resFees.aspx
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Glen's Locksmith at 162 South State Street in Salt Lake City, UT.
Description
An account of the resource
Glen's Locksmith at 162 South State Street. Image taken in 1977.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Salt Lake County (Utah). Assessor's Office
Subject
The topic of the resource
State Street (Salt Lake City, Utah)
Salt Lake County (Utah)--History
Tax Assessment-Utah
Medium
The material or physical carrier of the resource.
Photographs
Black and white photographs
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1977
Spatial Coverage
Spatial characteristics of the resource.
Salt Lake County (Utah)
State Street (Salt Lake City, Utah)
United States
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1970-1979
20th century
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Salt Lake County Archives, Tax Appraisal Cards and Photographs Collection.
Is Referenced By
A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource.
http://admin.slco.org/archives/resPHtaxAppraisalCards.aspx
Rights Holder
A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource.
Salt Lake County Archives
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
No copyright is held. Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is permissible.
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
StillImage
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
image/jpeg
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
SLCO_1_2529a.jpg
Highway 89
Stores
-
http://highway89.org/files/original/36b93938949d5f40910b3f687b798226.jpg
e7c0e250f0f3eab47566b842b775f59d
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Digital Publisher
List the name of the entity that digitized and published this item online.
Digitized by: Salt Lake County Archives
Conversion Specs
Scanned by Salt Lake County Archives using Epson GT-15000 scanner, at 400 dpi. Display file is JPG.
Date Digital
Record the date the item was digitized.
2014
Purchasing Information
Describe or link to information about purchasing copies of this item.
To order photocopies or scans of this item, please contact Salt Lake County Archives at: http://admin.slco.org/archives/resFees.aspx
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Stores at 158 South State Street in Salt Lake City, UT.
Description
An account of the resource
Stores at 158 South State Street. Image taken in 1977.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Salt Lake County (Utah). Assessor's Office
Subject
The topic of the resource
State Street (Salt Lake City, Utah)
Salt Lake County (Utah)--History
Tax Assessment-Utah
Medium
The material or physical carrier of the resource.
Photographs
Black and white photographs
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1977
Spatial Coverage
Spatial characteristics of the resource.
Salt Lake County (Utah)
State Street (Salt Lake City, Utah)
United States
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1970-1979
20th century
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Salt Lake County Archives, Tax Appraisal Cards and Photographs Collection.
Is Referenced By
A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource.
http://admin.slco.org/archives/resPHtaxAppraisalCards.aspx
Rights Holder
A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource.
Salt Lake County Archives
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
No copyright is held. Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is permissible.
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
StillImage
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
image/jpeg
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
SLCO_1_2528.jpg
Highway 89
Stores & Shops
-
http://highway89.org/files/original/a6039fa654ff1760550cf5fcf088fa81.jpg
a12f82397f5c69fb0a34a2a9d92ded2e
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Digital Publisher
List the name of the entity that digitized and published this item online.
Digitized by: Salt Lake County Archives
Conversion Specs
Scanned by Salt Lake County Archives using Epson GT-15000 scanner, at 400 dpi. Display file is JPG.
Date Digital
Record the date the item was digitized.
2014
Purchasing Information
Describe or link to information about purchasing copies of this item.
To order photocopies or scans of this item, please contact Salt Lake County Archives at: http://admin.slco.org/archives/resFees.aspx
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Stores at 154 South State Street in Salt Lake City, UT.
Description
An account of the resource
Stores at 154 South State Street. Image taken in 1977.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Salt Lake County (Utah). Assessor's Office
Subject
The topic of the resource
State Street (Salt Lake City, Utah)
Salt Lake County (Utah)--History
Tax Assessment-Utah
Medium
The material or physical carrier of the resource.
Photographs
Black and white photographs
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1977
Spatial Coverage
Spatial characteristics of the resource.
Salt Lake County (Utah)
State Street (Salt Lake City, Utah)
United States
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1970-1979
20th century
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Salt Lake County Archives, Tax Appraisal Cards and Photographs Collection.
Is Referenced By
A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource.
http://admin.slco.org/archives/resPHtaxAppraisalCards.aspx
Rights Holder
A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource.
Salt Lake County Archives
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
No copyright is held. Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is permissible.
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
StillImage
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
image/jpeg
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
SLCO_1_2527.jpg
Highway 89
Stores & Shops
-
http://highway89.org/files/original/3bddc26b63e63ede9bf80a9f8ad9709d.jpg
6d705ebe99e1b2412dcd6a97fc46a059
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Digital Publisher
List the name of the entity that digitized and published this item online.
Digitized by: Salt Lake County Archives
Conversion Specs
Scanned by Salt Lake County Archives using Epson GT-15000 scanner, at 400 dpi. Display file is JPG.
Date Digital
Record the date the item was digitized.
2014
Purchasing Information
Describe or link to information about purchasing copies of this item.
To order photocopies or scans of this item, please contact Salt Lake County Archives at: http://admin.slco.org/archives/resFees.aspx
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Store at 140 South State Street in Salt Lake City, UT.
Description
An account of the resource
Store at 140 South State Street. Image taken in 1977.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Salt Lake County (Utah). Assessor's Office
Subject
The topic of the resource
State Street (Salt Lake City, Utah)
Salt Lake County (Utah)--History
Tax Assessment-Utah
Medium
The material or physical carrier of the resource.
Photographs
Black and white photographs
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1977
Spatial Coverage
Spatial characteristics of the resource.
Salt Lake County (Utah)
State Street (Salt Lake City, Utah)
United States
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1970-1979
20th century
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Salt Lake County Archives, Tax Appraisal Cards and Photographs Collection.
Is Referenced By
A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource.
http://admin.slco.org/archives/resPHtaxAppraisalCards.aspx
Rights Holder
A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource.
Salt Lake County Archives
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
No copyright is held. Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is permissible.
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
StillImage
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
image/jpeg
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
SLCO_1_2526.jpg
Highway 89
Stores & Shops
-
http://highway89.org/files/original/13ac2b85427f907ac77a701c86f582c1.jpg
1691296a95110974f52bafd033abcade
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Digital Publisher
List the name of the entity that digitized and published this item online.
Digitized by: Salt Lake County Archives
Conversion Specs
Scanned by Salt Lake County Archives using Epson GT-15000 scanner, at 400 dpi. Display file is JPG.
Date Digital
Record the date the item was digitized.
2014
Purchasing Information
Describe or link to information about purchasing copies of this item.
To order photocopies or scans of this item, please contact Salt Lake County Archives at: http://admin.slco.org/archives/resFees.aspx
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Stores at 155 South State Street in Salt Lake City, UT.
Description
An account of the resource
Stores at 155 South State Street. Image taken in 1977.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Salt Lake County (Utah). Assessor's Office
Subject
The topic of the resource
State Street (Salt Lake City, Utah)
Salt Lake County (Utah)--History
Tax Assessment-Utah
Medium
The material or physical carrier of the resource.
Photographs
Black and white photographs
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1977
Spatial Coverage
Spatial characteristics of the resource.
Salt Lake County (Utah)
State Street (Salt Lake City, Utah)
United States
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1970-1979
20th century
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Salt Lake County Archives, Tax Appraisal Cards and Photographs Collection.
Is Referenced By
A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource.
http://admin.slco.org/archives/resPHtaxAppraisalCards.aspx
Rights Holder
A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource.
Salt Lake County Archives
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
No copyright is held. Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is permissible.
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
StillImage
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
image/jpeg
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
SLCO_1_2587.jpg
Highway 89
Stores & Shops
-
http://highway89.org/files/original/4b3979d350bbe9430cb588b31b8b0b77.jpg
4b0dfbac44624cf2e4e9182db660fa65
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Digital Publisher
List the name of the entity that digitized and published this item online.
Digitized by: Salt Lake County Archives
Conversion Specs
Scanned by Salt Lake County Archives using Epson GT-15000 scanner, at 400 dpi. Display file is JPG.
Date Digital
Record the date the item was digitized.
2014
Purchasing Information
Describe or link to information about purchasing copies of this item.
To order photocopies or scans of this item, please contact Salt Lake County Archives at: http://admin.slco.org/archives/resFees.aspx
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Stores at 149 South State Street in Salt Lake City, UT.
Description
An account of the resource
Stores at 149 South State Street. Image taken in 1977.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Salt Lake County (Utah). Assessor's Office
Subject
The topic of the resource
State Street (Salt Lake City, Utah)
Salt Lake County (Utah)--History
Tax Assessment-Utah
Medium
The material or physical carrier of the resource.
Photographs
Black and white photographs
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1977
Spatial Coverage
Spatial characteristics of the resource.
Salt Lake County (Utah)
State Street (Salt Lake City, Utah)
United States
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1970-1979
20th century
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Salt Lake County Archives, Tax Appraisal Cards and Photographs Collection.
Is Referenced By
A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource.
http://admin.slco.org/archives/resPHtaxAppraisalCards.aspx
Rights Holder
A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource.
Salt Lake County Archives
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
No copyright is held. Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is permissible.
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
StillImage
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
image/jpeg
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
SLCO_1_2588.jpg
Highway 89
Stores & Shops
-
http://highway89.org/files/original/4e95342d69e5a8efe62629d574f857f6.jpg
42a5f2a688be91cc8a6001a4e0d23f93
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Digital Publisher
List the name of the entity that digitized and published this item online.
Digitized by: Salt Lake County Archives
Conversion Specs
Scanned by Salt Lake County Archives using Epson GT-15000 scanner, at 400 dpi. Display file is JPG.
Date Digital
Record the date the item was digitized.
2014
Purchasing Information
Describe or link to information about purchasing copies of this item.
To order photocopies or scans of this item, please contact Salt Lake County Archives at: http://admin.slco.org/archives/resFees.aspx
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Stores at 147 South State Street in Salt Lake City, UT.
Description
An account of the resource
Stores at 147 South State Street. Image taken in the 1970s.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Salt Lake County (Utah). Assessor's Office
Subject
The topic of the resource
State Street (Salt Lake City, Utah)
Salt Lake County (Utah)--History
Tax Assessment-Utah
Medium
The material or physical carrier of the resource.
Photographs
Black and white photographs
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1970-1979
Spatial Coverage
Spatial characteristics of the resource.
Salt Lake County (Utah)
State Street (Salt Lake City, Utah)
United States
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1970-1979
20th century
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Salt Lake County Archives, Tax Appraisal Cards and Photographs Collection.
Is Referenced By
A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource.
http://admin.slco.org/archives/resPHtaxAppraisalCards.aspx
Rights Holder
A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource.
Salt Lake County Archives
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
No copyright is held. Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is permissible.
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
StillImage
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
image/jpeg
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
SLCO_1_2590c.jpg
Highway 89
Stores & Shops
-
http://highway89.org/files/original/c65dc8ffd532b2d7079fd1efaa37e3a2.jpg
0266e1f195c8736ab46cacc77cf5619f
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Digital Publisher
List the name of the entity that digitized and published this item online.
Digitized by: Salt Lake County Archives
Conversion Specs
Scanned by Salt Lake County Archives using Epson GT-15000 scanner, at 400 dpi. Display file is JPG.
Date Digital
Record the date the item was digitized.
2014
Purchasing Information
Describe or link to information about purchasing copies of this item.
To order photocopies or scans of this item, please contact Salt Lake County Archives at: http://admin.slco.org/archives/resFees.aspx
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Store at 141 South State Street in Salt Lake City, UT.
Description
An account of the resource
Store at 141 South State Street. Image taken in the 1970s.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Salt Lake County (Utah). Assessor's Office
Subject
The topic of the resource
State Street (Salt Lake City, Utah)
Salt Lake County (Utah)--History
Tax Assessment-Utah
Medium
The material or physical carrier of the resource.
Photographs
Black and white photographs
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1970-1979
Spatial Coverage
Spatial characteristics of the resource.
Salt Lake County (Utah)
State Street (Salt Lake City, Utah)
United States
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1970-1979
20th century
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Salt Lake County Archives, Tax Appraisal Cards and Photographs Collection.
Is Referenced By
A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource.
http://admin.slco.org/archives/resPHtaxAppraisalCards.aspx
Rights Holder
A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource.
Salt Lake County Archives
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
No copyright is held. Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is permissible.
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
StillImage
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
image/jpeg
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
SLCO_1_2591b.jpg
Highway 89
Stores & Shops
-
http://highway89.org/files/original/e3ab8f9626e31f825408530febeb094d.jpg
df0411efe2cc209a84b4e31997627bd8
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Digital Publisher
List the name of the entity that digitized and published this item online.
Digitized by: Salt Lake County Archives
Conversion Specs
Scanned by Salt Lake County Archives using Epson GT-15000 scanner, at 400 dpi. Display file is JPG.
Date Digital
Record the date the item was digitized.
2014
Purchasing Information
Describe or link to information about purchasing copies of this item.
To order photocopies or scans of this item, please contact Salt Lake County Archives at: http://admin.slco.org/archives/resFees.aspx
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Office Building at 139 South State Street in Salt Lake City, UT.
Description
An account of the resource
Office Building at 139 South State Street. Image taken in 1970s.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Salt Lake County (Utah). Assessor's Office
Subject
The topic of the resource
State Street (Salt Lake City, Utah)
Salt Lake County (Utah)--History
Tax Assessment-Utah
Medium
The material or physical carrier of the resource.
Photographs
Black and white photographs
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1970-1979
Spatial Coverage
Spatial characteristics of the resource.
Salt Lake County (Utah)
State Street (Salt Lake City, Utah)
United States
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1970-1979
20th century
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Salt Lake County Archives, Tax Appraisal Cards and Photographs Collection.
Is Referenced By
A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource.
http://admin.slco.org/archives/resPHtaxAppraisalCards.aspx
Rights Holder
A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource.
Salt Lake County Archives
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
No copyright is held. Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is permissible.
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
StillImage
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
image/jpeg
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
SLCO_1_2592a.jpg
Highway 89
Office buildings
-
http://highway89.org/files/original/e28764e4df9b1d53db2978e5a77d88ac.jpg
e7e9d2e7cc027dfcd5af6b9d72db0393
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Digital Publisher
List the name of the entity that digitized and published this item online.
Digitized by: Salt Lake County Archives
Conversion Specs
Scanned by Salt Lake County Archives using Epson GT-15000 scanner, at 400 dpi. Display file is JPG.
Date Digital
Record the date the item was digitized.
2014
Purchasing Information
Describe or link to information about purchasing copies of this item.
To order photocopies or scans of this item, please contact Salt Lake County Archives at: http://admin.slco.org/archives/resFees.aspx
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Office Building at 137 South State Street in Salt Lake City, UT.
Description
An account of the resource
Office Building at 137 South State Street. Image taken in the 1970s.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Salt Lake County (Utah). Assessor's Office
Subject
The topic of the resource
State Street (Salt Lake City, Utah)
Salt Lake County (Utah)--History
Tax Assessment-Utah
Medium
The material or physical carrier of the resource.
Photographs
Black and white photographs
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1970-1979
Spatial Coverage
Spatial characteristics of the resource.
Salt Lake County (Utah)
State Street (Salt Lake City, Utah)
United States
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1970-1979
20th century
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Salt Lake County Archives, Tax Appraisal Cards and Photographs Collection.
Is Referenced By
A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource.
http://admin.slco.org/archives/resPHtaxAppraisalCards.aspx
Rights Holder
A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource.
Salt Lake County Archives
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
No copyright is held. Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is permissible.
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
StillImage
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
image/jpeg
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
SLCO_1_2593.jpg
Highway 89
Office buildings
-
http://highway89.org/files/original/d62d57b16e49a3774aa1eddf6f9e19a1.jpg
b8fc4bf1252748ec4f0735759a28934a
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Digital Publisher
List the name of the entity that digitized and published this item online.
Digitized by: Salt Lake County Archives
Conversion Specs
Scanned by Salt Lake County Archives using Epson GT-15000 scanner, at 400 dpi. Display file is JPG.
Date Digital
Record the date the item was digitized.
2014
Purchasing Information
Describe or link to information about purchasing copies of this item.
To order photocopies or scans of this item, please contact Salt Lake County Archives at: http://admin.slco.org/archives/resFees.aspx
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Office Building at 120 South State Street in Salt Lake City, UT.
Description
An account of the resource
Office Building at 120 South State Street. Image taken in 1977.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Salt Lake County (Utah). Assessor's Office
Subject
The topic of the resource
State Street (Salt Lake City, Utah)
Salt Lake County (Utah)--History
Tax Assessment-Utah
Medium
The material or physical carrier of the resource.
Photographs
Black and white photographs
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1977
Spatial Coverage
Spatial characteristics of the resource.
Salt Lake County (Utah)
State Street (Salt Lake City, Utah)
United States
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1970-1979
20th century
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Salt Lake County Archives, Tax Appraisal Cards and Photographs Collection.
Is Referenced By
A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource.
http://admin.slco.org/archives/resPHtaxAppraisalCards.aspx
Rights Holder
A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource.
Salt Lake County Archives
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
No copyright is held. Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is permissible.
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
StillImage
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
image/jpeg
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
SLCO_1_2573_1.jpg
Highway 89
Office buildings
-
http://highway89.org/files/original/6cc527eab137b4340dd558db144227a9.jpg
377c4f8c1211302cd895d46463aaeeaa
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Digital Publisher
List the name of the entity that digitized and published this item online.
Digitized by: Salt Lake County Archives
Conversion Specs
Scanned by Salt Lake County Archives using Epson GT-15000 scanner, at 400 dpi. Display file is JPG.
Date Digital
Record the date the item was digitized.
2014
Purchasing Information
Describe or link to information about purchasing copies of this item.
To order photocopies or scans of this item, please contact Salt Lake County Archives at: http://admin.slco.org/archives/resFees.aspx
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Apartments at 268 North State Street in Salt Lake City, UT.
Description
An account of the resource
Apartments at 268 North State Street. Image taken in the 1970s.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Salt Lake County (Utah). Assessor's Office
Subject
The topic of the resource
State Street (Salt Lake City, Utah)
Salt Lake County (Utah)--History
Tax Assessment-Utah
Medium
The material or physical carrier of the resource.
Photographs
Black and white photographs
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1970-1979
Spatial Coverage
Spatial characteristics of the resource.
Salt Lake County (Utah)
State Street (Salt Lake City, Utah)
United States
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1970-1979
20th century
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Salt Lake County Archives, Tax Appraisal Cards and Photographs Collection.
Is Referenced By
A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource.
http://admin.slco.org/archives/resPHtaxAppraisalCards.aspx
Rights Holder
A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource.
Salt Lake County Archives
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
No copyright is held. Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is permissible.
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
StillImage
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
image/jpeg
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
SLCO_5_2715b.jpg
Apartment Houses
Highway 89
Residences
-
http://highway89.org/files/original/12a3498c5a385b5f6dba543a979a4c1c.jpg
ef9ce50dadaaf6fa51c89a2daceafbaf
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Digital Publisher
List the name of the entity that digitized and published this item online.
Digitized by: Salt Lake County Archives
Conversion Specs
Scanned by Salt Lake County Archives using Epson GT-15000 scanner, at 400 dpi. Display file is JPG.
Date Digital
Record the date the item was digitized.
2014
Purchasing Information
Describe or link to information about purchasing copies of this item.
To order photocopies or scans of this item, please contact Salt Lake County Archives at: http://admin.slco.org/archives/resFees.aspx
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Apartments at 264 North State Street in Salt Lake City, UT.
Description
An account of the resource
Apartments at 264 North State Street. Image taken in the 1970s.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Salt Lake County (Utah). Assessor's Office
Subject
The topic of the resource
State Street (Salt Lake City, Utah)
Salt Lake County (Utah)--History
Tax Assessment-Utah
Medium
The material or physical carrier of the resource.
Photographs
Black and white photographs
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1970-1979
Spatial Coverage
Spatial characteristics of the resource.
Salt Lake County (Utah)
State Street (Salt Lake City, Utah)
United States
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1970-1979
20th century
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Salt Lake County Archives, Tax Appraisal Cards and Photographs Collection.
Is Referenced By
A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource.
http://admin.slco.org/archives/resPHtaxAppraisalCards.aspx
Rights Holder
A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource.
Salt Lake County Archives
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
No copyright is held. Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is permissible.
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
StillImage
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
image/jpeg
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
SLCO_5_2715a.jpg
Apartment Houses
Highway 89
Residences
-
http://highway89.org/files/original/cfb980bf9d016ed8d93b29252d7f29a0.jpg
3da8b84de11d072aed23a00b89d08a53
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Where else is this found?
Give the URL for the item, if it is in another respository (like CONTENTdm)
<a href="http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/LoganCanyon/id/232">http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/LoganCanyon/id/232</a>
Digital Publisher
List the name of the entity that digitized and published this item online.
Digitized by: Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library
Conversion Specs
Scanned by Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library using Epson Expression 10000 scanner, 8-bit RGB, at 600 dpi. Archival file is uncompressed TIFF (600 dpi)
display file is JPEG2000
Date Digital
Record the date the item was digitized.
2011-11-02
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Hiking in the Bear River Range, Utah (2 of 2)
Description
An account of the resource
Hiking in the Bear River Range, Mount Elmer looking north (color 35mm slide)
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Smith, Gary M., 1943-
Subject
The topic of the resource
Bear River Range (Utah)--Photographs
Hiking--Utah--Bear River Range--Photographs
Medium
The material or physical carrier of the resource.
Color slides
Spatial Coverage
Spatial characteristics of the resource.
Bear River Range (Utah)
Cache County (Utah)
Rich County (Utah)
Bear Lake County (Idaho)
Utah
Idaho
United States
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1970-1979
20th century
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Gary Smith photograph collection, 1960-1988, P0106 2:01:83
Is Referenced By
A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource.
Inventory for the Gary Smith photograph collection can be found at: <a href="http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv43756">http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv43756</a>
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Libraries Photograph Curator, phone (435) 797-0890
Is Part Of
A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included.
Gary Smith photograph collection, 1960-1988, P0106
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
StillImage
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
image/jpeg
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
P010620183
Date Created
Date of creation of the resource.
1972-1973
Date Modified
Date on which the resource was changed.
1972
1973
Is Version Of
A related resource of which the described resource is a version, edition, or adaptation. Changes in version imply substantive changes in content rather than differences in format.
Logan Canyon Reflections
-
http://highway89.org/files/original/a9e48df6398d0f9a81135b07bfecbdc1.jpg
0b2ba135c5d47e70f75def502079b0e6
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Where else is this found?
Give the URL for the item, if it is in another respository (like CONTENTdm)
<a href="http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/LoganCanyon/id/197">http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/LoganCanyon/id/197</a>
Digital Publisher
List the name of the entity that digitized and published this item online.
Digitized by: Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library
Conversion Specs
Scanned by Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library using Epson Expression 10000 scanner, 8-bit RGB, at 600 dpi. Archival file is uncompressed TIFF (600 dpi)
display file is JPEG2000
Date Digital
Record the date the item was digitized.
2011-11-02
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Ricks Springs, Logan Canyon, Utah, 1978
Description
An account of the resource
Logan Canyon, Utah. Ricks Spring. Gift of the Herald Journal, September 1978. Black and white photograph (7.5 x 9.5 in) mounted on board
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Herald Journal (Firm)
Subject
The topic of the resource
Ricks Spring (Logan Canyon, Utah)--Photographs
Medium
The material or physical carrier of the resource.
Black and white photographs
Spatial Coverage
Spatial characteristics of the resource.
Ricks Spring (Utah)
Logan Canyon (Utah)
Cache County (Utah)
Utah
United States
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1970-1979
20th century
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Historical Photoboard Collection, A-2316
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Libraries Photograph Curator, phone (435) 797-0890
Is Part Of
A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included.
Historical Photoboard Collection
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
StillImage
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
image/jpeg
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
A2316
Date Created
Date of creation of the resource.
September 1978
Date Modified
Date on which the resource was changed.
1978-09
Is Version Of
A related resource of which the described resource is a version, edition, or adaptation. Changes in version imply substantive changes in content rather than differences in format.
Logan Canyon Reflections
-
http://highway89.org/files/original/a4a8fc9c074d4a33f626a8b82371bf05.jpg
b48acdf9e12bb1f2fa3f34c8e2600658
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Where else is this found?
Give the URL for the item, if it is in another respository (like CONTENTdm)
<a href="http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/LoganCanyon/id/174">http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/LoganCanyon/id/174</a>
Digital Publisher
List the name of the entity that digitized and published this item online.
Digitized by: Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library
Conversion Specs
Scanned by Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library using Epson Expression 10000 scanner, 8-bit RGB, at 600 dpi. Archival file is uncompressed TIFF (600 dpi)
display file is JPEG2000
Date Digital
Record the date the item was digitized.
2011-11-02
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Wind Caves up Logan Canyon, Utah. Paths and Trails. 1973
Description
An account of the resource
Logan Canyon, Utah. Paths and Trails. 1973. Wind Caves. Herald Journal. Black and white photograph (4.5 x 7 in) mounted on board
Subject
The topic of the resource
Wind Caves (Utah)--Photographs
Medium
The material or physical carrier of the resource.
Black and white photographs
Spatial Coverage
Spatial characteristics of the resource.
Wind Caves (Utah)
Logan Canyon (Utah)
Cache County (Utah)
Utah
United States
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1970-1979
20th century
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Historical Photoboard Collection, A-3329a
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Libraries Photograph Curator, phone (435) 797-0890
Is Part Of
A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included.
Historical Photoboard Collection
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
StillImage
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
image/jpeg
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
A3329a
Date Created
Date of creation of the resource.
1973
Date Modified
Date on which the resource was changed.
1905-05-26
Is Version Of
A related resource of which the described resource is a version, edition, or adaptation. Changes in version imply substantive changes in content rather than differences in format.
Logan Canyon Reflections
-
http://highway89.org/files/original/188dfca8562862cdec66147eab0355a7.jpg
251fa50a3db6a9b937c01b1ac363aa3e
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Where else is this found?
Give the URL for the item, if it is in another respository (like CONTENTdm)
<a href="http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/LoganCanyon/id/164">http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/LoganCanyon/id/164</a>
Digital Publisher
List the name of the entity that digitized and published this item online.
Digitized by: Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library
Conversion Specs
Scanned by Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library using Epson Expression 10000 scanner, 8-bit RGB, at 600 dpi. Archival file is uncompressed TIFF (600 dpi)
display file is JPEG2000
Date Digital
Record the date the item was digitized.
2011-11-02
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Hiking in the Bear River Range, Utah (1 of 2)
Description
An account of the resource
Hiking in the Bear River Range, scenic view, Judy and John Weaver (color 35mm slide)
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Smith, Gary M., 1943-
Subject
The topic of the resource
Bear River Range (Utah)--Photographs
Hiking--Utah--Bear River Range--Photographs
Medium
The material or physical carrier of the resource.
Color slides
Spatial Coverage
Spatial characteristics of the resource.
Bear River Range (Utah)
Cache County (Utah)
Rich County (Utah)
Bear Lake County (Idaho)
Utah
Idaho
United States
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1970-1979
20th century
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Gary Smith photograph collection, 1960-1988, P0106 2:01:98
Is Referenced By
A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource.
Inventory for the Gary Smith photograph collection can be found at: <a href="http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv43756">http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv43756</a>
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Libraries Photograph Curator, phone (435) 797-0890
Is Part Of
A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included.
Gary Smith photograph collection, 1960-1988, P0106
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
StillImage
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
image/jpeg
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
P010620198
Date Created
Date of creation of the resource.
1972-1973
Date Modified
Date on which the resource was changed.
1972
1973
Is Version Of
A related resource of which the described resource is a version, edition, or adaptation. Changes in version imply substantive changes in content rather than differences in format.
Logan Canyon Reflections
-
http://highway89.org/files/original/d6d8ab5ac3f76cd5e5bc191a0587d61f.jpg
894f3026a4a3007ed8a5d321be17aa04
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Where else is this found?
Give the URL for the item, if it is in another respository (like CONTENTdm)
<a href="http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/LoganCanyon/id/132">http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/LoganCanyon/id/132</a>
Digital Publisher
List the name of the entity that digitized and published this item online.
Digitized by: Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library
Conversion Specs
Scanned by Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library using Epson Expression 10000 scanner, 8-bit RGB, at 600 dpi. Archival file is uncompressed TIFF (600 dpi)
display file is JPEG2000
Date Digital
Record the date the item was digitized.
2011-11-02
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
View of Logan Canyon, Utah, ca. 1978
Description
An account of the resource
Logan Canyon, Utah. ca. 1978, Black and white photograph (6 x 8 in) mounted on board
Subject
The topic of the resource
Logan Canyon (Utah)--Photographs
Landscape photography--Utah--Logan Canyon
Medium
The material or physical carrier of the resource.
Black and white photographs
Spatial Coverage
Spatial characteristics of the resource.
Logan Canyon (Utah)
Cache County (Utah)
Utah
United States
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1970-1979
20th century
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Historical Photoboard Collection, A-2343
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Libraries Photograph Curator, phone (435) 797-0890
Is Part Of
A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included.
Historical Photoboard Collection
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Image
StillImage
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
image/jpeg
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
A2343
Date Created
Date of creation of the resource.
ca. 1978
Date Modified
Date on which the resource was changed.
1905-05-31
Is Version Of
A related resource of which the described resource is a version, edition, or adaptation. Changes in version imply substantive changes in content rather than differences in format.
Logan Canyon Reflections
-
http://highway89.org/files/original/e6b1afc9e894b0b290254aedb66d94a3.mp3
50f989b770159ede9c1934fa91b3e517
http://highway89.org/files/original/33b8d6a112e411b69ba487897465c1ea.pdf
1801e8066e07ae2c3d3b8c53d546bb77
PDF Text
Text
LAND USE MANAGEMENT
TRANSCRIPTION COVER SHEET
Interviewee:
Barrie Gilbert
Place of Interview: Mr. Gilbert’s office at Utah State University
Date of Interview: 21 May 2008
Interviewer:
Recordist:
Brad Cole
Brad Cole
Recording Equipment:
Marantz PMD660 Digital Recorder
Transcription Equipment used:
Transcribed by:
Transcript Proofed by:
Power Player Transcription Software: Executive
Communication Systems
Susan Gross, 10 July 1008
Brad Cole and Barrie Gilbert; Randy Williams (1 June 2011)
Brief Description of Contents: The interview contains a brief description of Barrie Gilbert’s
childhood and details of his schooling and subsequent career in wildlife management. It includes
his story of being attacked by a grizzly bear, his attitudes on wildlife management in both the
U.S. and Canada, and the political pressures he and others face(d) in doing research in wildlife
management and in management policies.
Reference:
BC = Brad Cole (Interviewer; Associate Dean, USU Libraries)
BG = Barrie Gilbert
NOTE: Interjections during pauses or transitions in dialogue such as “uh” and starts and stops
in conversations are not included in transcript. All additions to transcript are noted with brackets.
TAPE TRANSCRIPTION
[00:00]
BC:
This is Brad Cole from Special Collections and Archives at Utah State University. It’s
May 21st [2008 and we’re visiting today with Dr. Barrie Gilbert, Professor Emeritus in
the Natural Resources department at Utah State University.
Barrie, I’d like to start off the interview with starting at the very beginning and ask you
when and where you were born.
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�BG:
Alright. Kingston, Ontario, Canada, on the 3rd of June 1937.
BC:
And who were your parents?
BG:
My parents were John Kay Gilbert – he worked in the Canadian Locomotive Company in
Kingston, Ontario. My mother was Lorraine Isabelle Hall, from the Kingston area. Both
of them grew up and were born in Kingston, as actually, my grandfather and greatgrandfather before them. Before that they came from Limavady, Ireland. That’s my early
life.
BC:
What are some of your earliest memories of growing up in Kingston, Ontario?
BG:
The earliest thing I remember was things like catching frogs at my grandfather’s camp.
We had a summer place; actually it was the only place that we owned, on Lake Ontario. I
think that’s how I became a biologist. My mother’s father was quite a fisherman and duck
hunter and he had a little shack – actually, a many-roomed shack because he had a family
of six kids – which my mother was one. My father bought a real old shack on the same
bay, Sand Bay, where I spent all of my summers as a kid rowing and sailing and falling
off rafts that I made in the cold water. Probably that’s where I experienced the wildest
nature, and probably became a biologist by observing things and being out in nature all
the time. We had pretty much free run of the woods and fields. We had a stream that went
right by our – I call it a shack because my dad bought it from a couple of college kids for
$200, and you could probably throw darts at the wall and half of them would go through
the cracks on the outside – and he renovated that completely. My dad was quite a
handyman. He ended up building us a boat, a sail boat, and we explored – my brother and
I spent our childhood messing around in small boats.
[2:53]
BC:
You have one brother?
BG:
I have one brother who’s 18 months older than I am, still alive – living in eastern Ontario
actually, not far from where I built a home on an island.
BC:
And what was his name?
BG:
His name was John Stanley Gilbert.
BC:
Sounds like, did your parents do any other kind of outdoor activities with you other than
just going to the –
BG:
Not a whole lot. We didn’t have a lot of money. We went on summer trips when we
finally ended up getting a second-hand car in, I think about the mid-40s. Before that we
basically took buses everywhere. My brother and I went to school by bus. We went to our
cottage from, basically when the ice broke up until October, or so, or maybe September
when school started. And then we rented a house in the earlier years, a different house
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�every year. Then finally, things got a little bit better and we built another cottage. My dad
and I built a sunny-built cottage when I was in high school down in the St. Lawrence
River. I went to public high school, then actually university all in about the same 10
blocks, which is fairly unusual. We had a very good university, Queens University, in
Kingston, and I was the first one in my family to attend university – my direct family.
BC:
And were there any influential teachers from those early school years that you
remember?
BG:
Yeah. I guess there are a number. I particularly liked some of my science teachers, who
were very good teachers, and an English teacher gave me great respect for the English
language and we’re always taught to write as much as we could and write well. And then
when I went to college, university there in biology I was very fortunate to have a friend’s
father who was a professor of biology, and he got me a couple of jobs when I was in
college. One working on sea-land prey control for a summer up on Lake Superior, and
the second year I was a field biologist, if you like, although I didn’t have a biology
degree, on a sword-fishing boat, collecting biological data for the Fisheries Research
Board of Canada. If you wonder why I work on big carnivores, it’s because I started on
big fish!
BC:
So you started in Fisheries, but what was your main emphasis?
[5:35]
BG:
Well, I think I really wanted to be a Fisheries Biologist, but I think it was just simplistic
because I’d done a lot of fishing and seemed to like the science of fisheries biology. My
main professor and mentor, had just got his doctorate from Yale under G. [George ]
Evelyn Hutchinson. And he came back to Queens, and took a shine to me and me to him,
and I worked at the field station. He was a limnologist, he actually studied the chemistry
of bottom sediments – the muds and chlorophylls and pheophytins and complex
chemicals. And so I liked the idea of doing biology on lakes or something to do with fish.
But I switched completely out of that when I applied for graduate school at Duke
University, because my professor, Dr. Peter Klopfer specialty was bird behavior and
mammal behavior mostly. He had a herd of deer that he wanted me to do some studies
on, and that’s what I did my masters and PhD. So, that was a lucky break in many ways
because I really was very interested in behavior. I can remember in college, gravitating to
taking psychology courses because I was interested in animal behavior. And it was just
becoming a field of ecology at this time. People like W.C. (Warder Clyde) Allee, the
famous ecologist, was studying social behavior in all kinds of animals from fish up to
herd animals, and I guess I had some intuition that studying the behavior of animals could
be a career, and it was clearly a discipline at that stage. Dr. Peter Klopfer was one of the
leaders in the North American continent, so I was very fortunate to study behavior with
him, and I’ve never looked back in terms of studying behavior. That’s what I taught here
at Utah State most of my career.
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�[7:41]
BC:
And after you received your doctorate, where did you go from there?
BG:
That’s when I came to Utah. I saw an advertisement in Science magazine for a National
Science Foundation post-doc with Dr. Dietland Muller-Schwarze who was on staff here
in Fisheries and Wildlife, and was studying pronghorn antelope. He had earlier done his
doctoral work with the Nobel Prize winner Konrad Lorenz in Austria, and Dietland was
an Austrian himself I believe, or a German. He came to Utah State on faculty and had
some money to have somebody study pronghorn in the field, and that sounded like a great
opportunity to me. I had been studying deer under enclosed conditions. We had a onemile perimeter fence with a herd of about 25 fallow deer, and I was going to study freeranging pronghorn in Yellowstone, particularly looking at how they use scent-marking in
territoriality, which I did study and published on. Dietland Muller-Schwarze was doing
experimental work with scent glands in deer and pronghorn. He’d come from one of the
UC campuses, maybe it was Davis – I forget where. But he’d looked at the glands and the
communication of the deer and was switching to pronghorn and had hand-raised
pronghorn out at Green Canyon station here. So that was a very lucky break. I spent two
summers and two years here, and then had to get a real job and went to Alberta looking
for either a wildlife position, or a university position.
BC:
What years were you --?
BG:
Oh that was – the post-doc was [19]‘70-71 I believe and I left at the end of ’71 and went
to Alberta for four years. I went to a fledgling campus that never did get built. It was
called Athabasca University; it’s currently an Open University format. I lasted there – I
wasn’t too happy because there was a bunch of people sitting around and I was supposed
to give lectures and write newspaper articles and have a course by newspaper, and I
wasn’t at all prepared to do that – I wasn’t very good at it, and I certainly wasn’t trained
at it. So my next job was as a vertebrate zoologist with the Department of Agriculture in
Alberta, looking at pests of problems. I started working with bears there because they
have a massive conflict with bears coming into bee yards doing hundreds of thousands of
dollars damage. The bee business, apiary business, honey business was worth about $10
million a year, and it was being devastated by black bears coming in and eating the bee
larvae and bee eggs and those sorts of things.
I worked two years with the Department of Agriculture, the provincial government’s
Vertebrate Pest Group and I was supposed be doing the research on any problem
vertebrate that affected agriculture. So I had to look at pocket gophers, I was looking at
some coyote killing of sheep, some bear killing of sheep, and then I decided to
concentrate on the bee-yard conflicts because it was such a massive problem and people
were killing bears willy-nilly all over the place. Approximately 1,000 bears a year were
being killed, mainly for control purposes, in some pretty horrid ways. So we started some
research to try and determine how we could keep bears out of bee yards – electric fences,
and I started experiments with taste aversion conditioning – where you put a chemical,
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�lithium chloride in, and try to make the bears sick without getting into too many details
about that.
But that was fun because that was a type of experimental management that really
appealed to me. The government was providing the money to help the beekeepers protect
their crops, and I was able to do an experimental test to see which one would really be
effective and efficient in keeping bears away from the bee yards without using a lethal
technique. That was reasonably successful. I quite enjoyed that and published on that -you’ll see that in my papers. Then the government decided to move the lab out to a very
small town out in the boonies.
My wife [Katherine Gilbert] and I had young children and we liked living in the bigger
city, so I applied for a job with Alberta Fish and Wildlife Division in an area that I had
become interested in because of my doctoral work. Are we okay? And that was on game
ranching, which was a new idea. Because I had done PhD on the effects of imprinting in
fallow deer and how the behavior of young deer could essentially tame them or
domesticate them within a couple of days’ contact with people, I thought that some
wildlife like moose and mule deer could be domesticated if it made sense. It’s pretty
much out of favor these days, but that was the early stages. I spent a couple of years
developing a field station and working on that. (I’m getting a little feedback – am I
talking too loud, or is it recording too loud?)
[Tape problems, begin again]
[Some discussion on the recording equipment; stop and start.]
[01:07]
BG:
We were just finishing off, I think with my position with game ranching, which lasted
until I saw a notice for a teaching position back here at Utah State. My wife and I both
had a very nice experience on my post-doc here. The faculty position that opened up was
the one that Dr. Allen Stokes had vacated because he retired a bit early. I responded to
the notice and I was told there were 100 applicants for this position, but I was short-listed
and they finally asked me if I wanted the position. That’s when I started my career in
August of 1976 – career of teaching at Utah State, in what was then the Fisheries and
Wildlife department.
BC:
What was Utah State like in 1976?
BG:
I don’t recall that it was a whole lot different than it is now, in the sense that we had an
active aquatic and fisheries group of people, like Bill Helm and John Neuhold was here. I
believe John Kadlec was department head when I came and he was a wetlands type. We
were well-represented, I think, across the board in both ecosystem and species
orientation. As I recall, Mike Wolfe was here, Fred Wagner was here. Fred Wagner had
been working on coyotes and desert ecosystems; Mike Wolfe was a large mammal
habitat person. It was a very interesting group of people. They were trying very hard to
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�have a scholarly approach to wildlife management and were encouraged to publish in
first rate journals and attend conferences, etc. There was a lot of emphasis, about 50% of
my contract was for research, and 50% for teaching, and that was fairly traditional.
[3:21]
The one thing that I liked about the department here was the freedom to do field research.
I considered teaching “load” as they call it, to be very light. I enjoyed that because I put a
lot of effort into my teaching and took it quite seriously, I think. It was an opportunity,
one of the reasons I left government wildlife work was to be able to be on committees of
a variety of projects of all kinds of animal species, and that allowed me to bring my
behavioral interests and other interests to bear on them without being directly involved in
the research myself.
I had been doing pronghorn and deer work, and when I came here I had some experience
with the Yellowstone people, and grizzly bears and black bears were a bit of a focus.
Since I’d worked on black bears in Alberta, problem wildlife, I thought “well I’ll go talk
to people at Yellowstone; they seem to have a conflict between grizzly bears and back
country people.” They’d had a couple of nasty accidents and they had a lot of traffic.
Backpacking was very popular, as you remember, in the mid-70s, and there were a fair
number of outfitters going through the park that were going through a high-quality
grizzly bear habitat. They weren’t particularly, as I recall, the park wasn’t particularly
sanguine about how they were going to manage this contact between bears and people.
So I had a small contract to look at bear-human interactions, and took on a student from
the southeast, Bruce Hastings, who was going to work on his masters on human-grizzly
interactions in Yellowstone. We got a little bit of funding from the Park Service, and set
out in early June, I think it was, to Yellowstone, after I’d finished my lecturing. We went
to various places that people told us there were aggregations of grizzlies. My idea was to
help Bruce get setup in some high place and observe grizzly bears as people came along
trails: see what the bears did – did they approach them? Did they leave them? Did they
just abandon the whole valley? Those sorts of things.
[6:01]
We paddled the full length of Yellowstone Lake to go down the south mountain arm and
see whether there was some potential there. Either enough bears or open enough habitat
that we could observe them. That didn’t turn out to be a very good place. There were bear
tracks, but it was a logistically hard place to work, and you couldn’t be guaranteed that
you would see very many bears and the people were relatively negligible.
The next place we went was in the upper Gallatin drainage that we accessed by an Indian
Creek trail in the northwest part of the park. We walked 10 miles in on June the 26th and
camped at Bighorn Pass, very near a trail. There was some bear sign in the area and I can
remember while setting up our little tents, our one tent we had I guess, near a cliff – I
could imagine jumping over this little cliff if a bear was going to come along in middle of
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�the night. I had put up a whole wall of shrubs so if a bear came messing around our tent
we’d hear him scratching around through these broken pieces of wood and snags and that
sort of thing. As it turned out in the morning, we got up at 6 o’clock, and before we’d had
anything to eat I was out there looking over this upper Gallatin, we could see Gallatin
Lake – the upper end of the watershed, and we could see grizzlies in the basin there. Elk
were moving up the far slope, but we were so far we really couldn’t tell what was going
on, and I guess I’d have to say I was a little impatient.
The long and the short of it was we’d had a couple of hours of observation, took notes,
which is in my field book that you’ll see. Then I suggested to Bruce that we take a long
detour down the valley and up behind these bears and come up about 9,000 feet and be
observing them on that side of the valley and be looking down at them. That’s where I
ran into what I think was a female grizzly, about 10:30-11:00 in the morning. We’d hiked
up this Spur Ridge, off Crow Foot Ridge – there was a little spur that came westerly –
and as I came over the top of that ridge Bruce had stopped to relieve himself down the
trail a bit and I told him that I would go ahead. I went up somewhat rapidly over the top
of the mountain ridge so that the elk and whatever wouldn’t see me standing up there on
the skyline. I think this bear had seen me coming, I hadn’t seen it. I suspect it thought I
was attacking it. I was moving fast and then I dropped down – all of which to a bear
means I’m launching myself at it. I looked up and this ferocious, big grizzly was coming
at me about, seemed like 50 feet away. Just your basic nightmare: clawing and growling
at the top of its voice, ears laid back in a full-out attack. I took one look at this and turned
on my heel and ran the other way.
[9:32]
You can of course do all kinds of analysis after the fact on these things. There weren’t
really any instructions that anybody that worked with bears had to tell you about how to
deal with bears, and this was the first grizzly bear I’d ever come close to at all. So I was
totally unprepared. The worst part of it being that the bear had seen me and launched on
me before I’d seen it, so I didn’t even have a micro-second to get the wits to figure out a
strategy. As I was moving away, it knocked me down and bit the back of my head and
basically tore my scalp off from the back, trying to bite through my skull. I rolled over
with the pain of that and tried to fight it off my head, but then it bit the side of my face
off and I lost an eye and my cheekbone, etc. After that I was pretty much – I wasn’t
unconscious, but I had been beaten up enough that I was immobile, I guess you’d say,
and essentially bleeding to death. Bruce came along and saw this object standing where
I’d been, or might have been and he let out a couple of vocalizations and for whatever
reason the bear got off me and walked away. I interpret that the bear might’ve thought
there was either a pack of us, or it had neutralized me and it wasn’t going to deal with any
other intrusions. It may have had a cub down the mountain a bit. A biologist told me later
that they saw bloody footprints going back off the mountain. The rest of the day was a
rescue operation getting me back to a hospital.
Luckily, we had a Motorola hand-held radio. One of the Park Service, they’d given us
one for our backcountry work. I’ll foreshorten this part, but we were able to get a
helicopter, which came in and they radioed – because the seriousness of my accident –
they had a bunch of smokejumpers and medical packages dropped by parachute onto the
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�mountain. About four of those guys risked injury to come down and patch me up. They
took me to Lake Hospital, and then to West Yellowstone, and then to Salt Lake City.
Luckily, at Lake Hospital there were four surgeons that had rotated from the University
of Utah Medical Center, and they’d been trained trauma surgeons. So they probably did a
lot of stuff with hunks of skin that were falling off my face to both save the tissue, and
save my life. Of course by the time I was in the clinic they could give me blood
substitutes.
Somewhere in my collection I have a bunch of pictures of the rescue, because the
helicopter pilot had nothing to do while the EMT fellows were patching me up. So he
used the rest of my film to document the rescue, which it was pretty interesting. Now I
can show my students, and have on occasion, I don’t like to over-emphasize it. The Park
Service was using those slides for their training films. Apparently it was a very successful
rescue. In fact, Mary Marr, who was directing our project, had said it was probably the
most faultless rescue that they had done. I did read in some papers after that, that they’d
had an evaluation procedure and realized that they should give people that are new to the
park a little bit better training in dealing with back country issues like bears. Those sort of
things are always stated. I had no malice toward either the bear or to the Park Service. I
didn’t even think of lawsuits or anything like that, as some people do, because I realized
I’d tripped on the bear and the bear was just doing what grizzlies do. I was just paying the
consequence.
So after about 14 operations and some skin transplants from various parts of my body, I
was back on campus in September. I spent my summer holidays in the hospital! “What
did you do last summer?” “Oh, I had plastic surgery, how about you?!” [Laughing.] But it
was a very unfortunate accident. I was about as close to dying as you can come. I suspect
I realized that I was probably the first person in North American that had been savaged so
by the teeth of a bear and had lived. Lots of trappers had been grabbed by bears, but if
you don’t die from loss of blood, you die from infection within about three or four days
after that. I almost died of infection. They pumped me so full of antibiotics that one of the
doctors said they might deafen me, but they had to stop these infections. My temperature
was going up 104, 105 every afternoon as my body had fought off all the garbage that
comes out of a bear’s mouth. They found -- one of the infectious diseases team guys told
me they found four species of proteus bacteria, which I don’t really know what they are,
but I assume they come out of earth where bears dig and eat roots and things like that.
They’d never seen them before so they really didn’t know what to hit them with, so they
hit them with everything they had. Mostly keflics, keflin kinds of drugs and I became
allergic to those, so I still can’t take those kind of antibiotics. But it was by and large
successful.
[15:25]
Strange to say, I went back to study bears shortly thereafter. I got a notice of a contract in
Katmai [National Park]. I should say Bruce Hastings immediately went off – they found
an opportunity to study bears and people in Yosemite Park, and he did a successful
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�masters looking at black bears coming in the campgrounds in Yosemite Park. So we were
able to rescue his thesis in another park.
BC:
Do you think the bad event changed your outlook on your science or anything like that?
BG:
You know, I don’t recall it changing the questions I was asking. When the Katmai
opportunity came along, I was writing a paper – sort of the synthesis of human-bear
interactions – and then I realized really I didn’t know that much; nobody did. We needed
to do more research. So I quit writing and started a research proposal to look at humans
and bears on a salmon stream and the response of bears, focusing on two questions. Are
there too many people on Brooks River, and are they keeping bears off the river and
therefore the salmon? The second question was: are people getting so close there is going
to be a serious injury and the park would be responsible for injuries to people? So that’s
essentially what we looked at.
In Alaska, as you might know, people tend to carry their Yellowstone and Glacier
National Park experience and they can’t quite believe that people can get as close as they
do to Alaskan bears. For whatever reason, bears on salmon streams seem to be much
more tolerant and habituate readily to people. They essentially ignore people, and they
are so focused on the salmon. Now it could be that they’re not as hungry as mountain
bears, or they’re not as aggressive because they don’t have to be as territorial about their
food. This is an area that really needs some research, I’m just speculating on possible
causes. They might be almost speciating as a more social bear, as opposed to these more
aggressive, territorial bears, as I would view them, in Yellowstone.
The other unknown in bear behavior in Yellowstone is the degree to which they’ve been
handled and shot at, that they may really have a serious dislike for humans. When you
capture a bear in snares or covert traps, they get very upset and they smell humans since
humans come along and dart them – and that’s a form of animal abuse, because you need
to capture the animal and deal with it. The bear remembers that sort of thing. Whether
they try to take it out on people, or react, they might have a short fuse when you or I are
going down a trail in Yellowstone, and rush us before we get a chance to capture them. I
don’t what goes through a bear’s mind of course. I suspect that the “no-effect”
hypothesis is wrong. There’s got be some influence of that kind of capture. I know the
bear that, if you like, counter-attacked me -- because in a way I attacked it first – I think it
was a defensive attack back on me. It might have been captured in the past, who knows?
You don’t know the history of these animals. So it might have been primed, either
because it was a female and threatened by other male bears, or it had been captured. We
just have no idea. I was too close to it, so it wasn’t surprising that it caught me and
savaged me a bit.
BC:
Did you do more work for Yellowstone after that?
BG:
I never had any kinds of contracts to do bear work. I was, not long after that, asked to be
on the blue ribbon panel of biologists to address the question of closures for fly fishing on
some of the streams in Yellowstone Lake. They invited four or five of us. Fred Lindsay
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�from Utah State was one of them, and I think he was the one that asked me if I would be
a member to look at the effectiveness of these closures, both from the point of view of
safety, and also to let the bears get access to the spawning cutthroat trout that go up all
the streams, all the tributaries of Yellowstone Lake. I never, at that time grizzly
management was so political and they had a team – the Inter-agency Grizzly Bear Study
Team – was doing research in the park. I think two things were happening. They had
research underway and they were capturing the bears, and they didn’t want anybody else
outside of a ring of biologists, if you’d like, to be involved in grizzly studies. It was too
political. It would have been a great time to continue some behavioral work because you
have all these marked animals around, so individual identification would have been a
great thing to do at the time.
[20:54]
My subsequent work focused on salmon streams. It is a great place to study behavior, as
you know, because the bears are coming day after day and you can get to know 30 or 40
bears. You keep identification – photographs and sketches, and you mark where the scars
are and which ears are torn and which aren’t. You can with 12 hour day observations
with the same bears coming back, even identify them by their modus operandi and how
they capture fish and where they capture them. So I had about, I think three students at
Katmai who did work. It was a great place to do behavioral observations for the reasons I
just stated.
BC:
How long did that project go for?
BG:
It started, I believe in the fall of ’83 I went up and did a reconnaissance visit late in the
season to see what was needed and what could be done. Then over the winter I
interviewed students to do the work. Ann Braaten was the first master’s student. She did
her masters degree and then I had two other students. Tamara Olsen, who is managing
now, and Scott Fipkin started but he never completed – he almost completed his master’s
work. It was all related to bear habituation rates and impacts of numbers of people on
bear behavior. That sort of thing.
[22:30]
BC:
You mentioned political nature of grizzly bears. What are some of that – have you seen
changes in how the federal government’s dealt with that over the years?
BG:
Yeah. You know the big questions were whether the bears were in a steep decline. You
may remember that John and Frank Craighead had started their pioneering work with
radio-collared bears in the park. About that time a new superintendent came in and the
park went to what they called a “management natural population regulation” as the way
that the animals – the elk, the deer, and the bears would be dealt with, which was pretty
much a hands-off sort of thing. An international study team led by Dr. Ian McTaggartCowan at UBC looked at all the data to see whether there was a threat to the population
and they recommended an independent study team. As it turned out, Richard Knight was
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�chosen and he was an insider, if you like, a federal government researcher, former
university professor, who took on all the grizzly work. The question was, “Are the bears
going downhill? How many of them are being killed?” When they close the dump – and I
don’t want to get too detailed here – but the issue between the Craigheads and Glen Cole
was “what should be done when you close the dump?”
The Craigheads believed from their long experience that if you close the dumps, the
various dumps to grizzly bears, they will revert to the campgrounds because that’s where
the most similar food is going to be. They don’t know what the natural foods are. Glen
Cole, and I had talked to Glen Cole about this and he had actually asked me whether I
thought the bears should be cutoff cold turkey from the dumps or whether the dumps
should be phased out slowly. I made the mistake of saying, “if you want to end the
problem I would recommend closing the dumps precipitously.” I think I was in error
about that because I didn’t think about the fact that these grizzlies were totally reliant, at
least the dump bears were reliant on that garbage. When they were prohibited from
getting garbage they had no idea where the other foods were. They couldn’t go find fish,
they wouldn’t find Whitebark pine seeds, all the various grizzly foods. They wouldn’t
know where the best berry bushes were because they had never accessed them in the
summer. They basically were a culture of bears that were living on garbage dumps. So,
unbeknownst to anyone, the Park Service dealt with these, if you like, marauding bears
but bad choice of word because they were just coming to the fresh garbage in people’s
coolers instead of the stale garbage which was in the garbage dumps. It was the same
food to them – this is my summary or interpretation, anyway. They came in fairly large
numbers. We learned subsequently, it wasn’t until the ‘80s, that over 220 grizzly bears
had been killed within about a three year period. I think in the late ‘60s and early ‘70s. I
think it was ’69, ’70, ’71, but don’t hold me to that.
So here was a major problem. Two sides with different hypotheses and the Park Service
never admitted that their hypothesis was wrong! Now you and I, maybe in the ivory
tower, could sit here and say, “Well what should have been done?” We might have said,
“Well, we don’t have the knowledge, let’s raise these two hypotheses and test what the
bears are actually doing.” The bears would tell us, we could put a case of beer on it to
make it serious about who’s right and who’s wrong, and find out that in fact the bears
were coming into the campgrounds. Instead of shooting them they could’ve done
something else – taken road kills and try to lure them away from campgrounds, or even
feed them until they get back on finding some new foods. What happened was that the
arguments were so contentious and it was going up the federal chain and was a major
embarrassment for the Park Service. Everybody had an opinion, of course. The park got
so defensive that they told the Craigheads that anything that they said to the press and
anything they published had to be run through the park superintendent. Well, the reaction
as I understand it by the Craigheads, was “Hell no, we won’t go that route, so we’re out
of here. We can’t do research if we can’t talk about what we find.” And so the schism
between the two parties was complete at that time.
[28:05]
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�The inter-agency grizzly bear came in, the Park Service realized, along with other
agencies (Forest Service, and whatever else) that were in that Yellowstone ecosystem,
that they needed to know how many bears were there. So they started, I guess a three
decade study, of collaring bears and doing population dynamic analysis. In other words,
how many bears are there and what’s the trend? Are they going up, are they going down?
The Craigheads at the time had been very adamant and had population models that
showed the bears were on their way to extinction if mortality rates were continuing on.
[28:50]
So you can see from this that it wasn’t a place for somebody to come in and do some
research. They were censoring people, they were refusing – Glacier has never allowed
bears to be collared there; Yellowstone was because of political emphasis on losing the
bears. A lot of people were very upset around the nation that the Park Service not only
was killing bears, but they weren’t recording. None of this data showed up. They
basically killed them and buried them. If you talk, I found at least one ranger who told me
that he really didn’t want to talk about it to me, but he admitted that they had shot bears
in middle of the night and basically dragged them over and threw them off cliffs and
things like that, so nobody could discover them. He had heard rumors that people had
found piles of bears here, but there was never any accounting. It was really a rather sordid
example of bad wildlife management on which I would say the political aspects of it and
censorship overcame the need to do good studies and find out what was really going on. I
was actually quite happy not to be in the middle of that sort of thing! It wouldn’t be the
place you would want to take graduate students and have somebody looking over your
shoulder or refusing to let you do certain sort of things. We could have done behavioral
studies, but it would have been in the context in with the confounding of all these other
handling procedures. I think one of the reasons that Glen Cole once said to me, he said,
“nobody on earth would have been allowed to come in and do research right now.” He
said, “It’s too hot, it’s too political.”
But I think what the sub-text was on that was that we got a lot of rangers that are shooting
bears and we don’t want anybody to be looking at this, researchers from Utah State or
anybody else. So they closed down research, and tried to “manage” if you like, but they
managed by shooting bears because they were risky. They were risky because the Park
Service had figured they’d go back into the woods and feed on grizzly foods, and they
didn’t do anything of the kind! They came to where the people were and were in their
face. You can’t let grizzly bear moms with two cubs walk along the series of tents
sniffing whose got the chocolate bars, you know? It was a black eye for wildlife
management, actually, during that period, and especially for Yellowstone. That’s the
short history anyway!
[31:36]
BC:
Would you say that the wildlife management in federal agencies has become more
politicized in recent years, or has it gotten better?
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�BG:
That’s a good question. I think for a while it was getting better because there seemed to
be evidence that bears were increasing. I think now, people are estimating 500, 600 bears
in the greater Yellowstone ecosystem. But it’s still very contentious because it took a
long while to get a good recovery plan, but there weren’t enough positive things – like
closing roads in National Forest lands around Yellowstone. There was nothing artificial
done to improve the food sources for the bears. In the ‘80s and ‘90s it became clear that
some of the major foods – and this is contentious right now, and the Natural Resources
Defense Fund is one of the leaders in trying to stop the b-listing of the grizzly bear. It has
been b-listed, as you know, but they were against that and filed lawsuits because it
appeared that with the loss of the Whitebark pine trees, through both rusts and beetle
attacks, they were going to die – that food would be gone. The illegal introduction of lake
trout in the Yellowstone Lake was decimating the Yellowstone cutthroat trout, the native
cutthroat trout – so that was a concern and that was a major food for at least some bears
that were feeding on trout in the streams.
The elk were in somewhat of a decline, so people were worried about that. One segment
bears were feeding on moths along the Absaroka on the east side in scree fields. This
habit of bears to go up there and turn over and eat millions of insects was being driven by
a pest in agricultural crops, and there was no guarantee that the spring wouldn’t get rid of
them and they would no longer be in the mountains. If you look at it there were at least
four foods, the Whitebark pine being the most important energy source for bears – it
supported more bears and more calories than any other food, which is strange if you think
about the size of a grizzly bear and the fact that it’s eating little tiny seeds. But the seeds
were being brought together by the squirrels in middens and the bears could very
effectively raid those and get a lot of calories. The Whitebark pine seeds are extremely
rich in all the nutrients that a bear could need, especially fat.
[34:30]
Ron Laner a former professor of forestry and I brought some money together and did an
analysis of Whitebark pine seeds. We found that they had all essential amino acids, they
were 52% fat. If you and I were going on an extended camping trip and could only take
one food, taking pine seeds would be a great food because we would survive well on
them alone, as do Clark’s Nutcrackers and some other species too.
To get back to the threats, what this prediction of both global climate disruption, or
global warming, and the loss of these other foods, some of the advocacy groups, the
wildlife grizzly advocacy groups felt it was not the time to take the protection away from
the bear. They were concerned about the roads. The mortality rates remained relatively
and nobody denies that. I think the numbers of bears have gone up. As you and I have
gone to Yellowstone the last two or three weeks, it’s now possible to be almost
guaranteed of seeing grizzly bear if you go to the right place. They’ve spread out more,
they’re much more visible, they’re eating carcasses, especially in the springtime like
now. It isn’t clear to me, or I think to any other scientist that looks at the data that
necessarily the extent of the range, the increase in the range, doesn’t mean that there are
more bears. It may mean that they are being distributed in a different way. Those
questions need answers.
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�But biologists, to be fair to them, would say that the evidence is pretty clear that the
numbers are up, and I would agree with them there. But are they up enough to have no
threats to the genetic makeup of the bears, Yellowstone ecosystem is isolated from all of
the other areas. The conservation biologists that are interested in bear survival would like
to see enough bears in Yellowstone that they would start moving up to these other areas,
like into Idaho, and connect eventually up through Glacier, and the reverse. So there
would be more exchange. I think it’s more now an argument about not only do we need
the minimum number to determine that they’re not threatened, but currently the set point,
if you like, or the goal for grizzlies should be that they are recovered when their densities
like they might have been in historical times (like through the 1700 and 1800s). We have
a bit of an argument now between the minimalists, if you like, that are happy enough to
have a minimum viable population (which is a jargon term) and therefore, that represents
the grizzly in that ecosystem; versus the other people, who are I think more biologically
oriented, who say, “No we want them there, if they’re recovered they’re there in large
enough numbers feeding on natural foods.”
[37:44]
The whole sub-text of the Yellowstone system is that it’s high elevation, very cold most
of the year, so it’s really not North America’s best it’s only the last of what’s left. So they
will continue to be threatened unless there are numbers that occupy some of the lowland
areas and maybe go out into the streams, or the watersheds, but if you start going down
the Yellowstone you run into mega-development pretty quickly, as you do in Paradise
Valley. It’s cattle country, it’s condominiums, it’s millionaire’s ranches and all those
sorts of things. If Yellowstone had been designed ecologically, it would have included a
lot more winter range to the north, as you know, around Gardiner [Montana] and going
up toward Livingston [Montana], much of that area and up the Bear River – Bear Gulch
to Jardine and some of those areas up above the Lamar [Wyoming] to the north and the
Bear Tooth or Absaroka Range.
A lot of that is winter range for elk and it would also be winter range for bears. They
would be going up there to feed on elk. But that wasn’t included so we have much more
of a conflict zone. Again, as you are aware, the bison are a source of conflict because of
the so-called Brusolosis problem, which isn’t a problem. [Brucellosis is an infectious
disease caused by contact with animals carrying bacteria called Brucella.] The politics
drive that. They killed 1600 bison this winter, which inflamed a lot of people because it’s
not biologically necessary. Some of these historical problems of not having a complete
ecosystem are still visiting the wildlife and their survival in Yellowstone.
BC:
Sort of makes me curious, how do you prepare a young scientist to learn the scientific
method and everything, but then they go to work for these agencies or whatever, to
navigate all the politics?
BG:
Yeah, well that’s another great question. With my students, I like to give them a wellcircumscribed question or hypothesis to develop and keep them away from the politics, at
least during their study, and understand what the process of good science is. So if I can
get them to piggy-back, even if I’ve taken some money to do a management study, I get
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�them to own another part of the research that’s more academic, if you like, and by that I
mean just good science about the animal or animal-human interaction. Then they pick up,
I don’t spend a lot time telling them, but they pick up the concept or reality that the
science doesn’t drive the decision-making. So you have the science, then you have the
management on top of it, and then what drives the management is often the politics of
greed, or the politics of value differentials, or the politics of animal protection, livestock
protection, people’s fear of grizzlies, all these sorts of things. That’s the battle ground,
and I don’t know that you can teach much about it. I mean you can teach good political
science, you can teach people to know how to study human attitudes. I guess I’m a bit of
a purist and I try to guide the students to do the best science and don’t become
anthropocentric.
In other words, don’t try to work toward a world where people get everything they want
and the animals take the hindermost. My view is that if my students don’t understand the
vast ecology and the most complex interaction between animals and people and the
ecosystems that support us all, we’ll lose our way. Get the science right, as with spotted
owls, or with sage grouse or whatever, find the causes and I tell them to hopefully to have
the courage without being fired to call a spade a spade. If the sheep are wiping out the
habitat for the sage grouse, which I believe they are, the livestock, they have to come up
with that. They can’t cover it over and call it bad range management, or historical
problems, or something like that. If you’re going to save the owl, or as we learned with
Clinton administration, save the sage grouse you have to back it up with some of the
impacts. It’s a tough world for ecologists because they keep asking for things that seem to
be idealistic. The public, in my view, is asking people like me, who get paid by them in
the state of Utah, to come up with ways to save some of these animals because we’ve
obliterated them in 99% of the landscape.
[42:46]
If you look at grizzly bears, or wolverines or wolves, and I don’t know how a person
could say, “Well, there’s no room for wolves, we need all that land.” Well that means
you’re basically on your way to turning North American into a great big sprawling
metropolis, with no wilderness left. I don’t think anybody wants that. But if you don’t
have some goals and visions, that’s what you end up with. So it comes back in a lot of
ways to too many people in too many places wanting to have a lifestyle. But we’ll save
that soapbox for another day. [Laughing]
BC:
A couple of questions, because projects sort of couched a little bit around Logan Canyon.
Did you do any research at all in Logan Canyon?
BG:
You know I never have done anything with students. Most of my work has been outside
of Utah. I have never had contracts with the Division of Wildlife Resources. When they
started bear work they went to BYU, and I don’t know if that was personal connections.
It rather angered me for a while that we were the state land-grant university and it was
state money and it was going to a private university. I sense that I am a little bit too much
of an independent radical and I wouldn’t say what they wanted me to say or necessarily
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�do it the way they wanted it to do, so I feel like I was left out – which suited me fine. I
once said to somebody, “I think we in Utah at the university should go to Idaho and do
the studies, and the people from the Idaho universities should come to Utah!” [Laughing]
And then we wouldn’t run afoul of our legislators.
Because, Brad, you know, it doesn’t take much – you can find some literature in your
archives where the wool growers and the cattlemen have threatened this college that
we’re sitting in here. I’ve seen statements to the effect that “gee, we see that you guys
have asked for a budget for a new building. Well, if you think you’re going to get a new
building and still keep that guy Bern [Bernard] Shanks, who’s taken on the sagebrush
rebellion…” They’re basically saying “Fire that sucker or you won’t get your building.”
Bern Shanks did not get tenure, and nobody’s ever explained why it was. He was an
excellent teacher and he’s won awards for being a teacher. Whether or not the dean gave
him the door or not, we got a lot of political pressure because of positions and defense of
public land – it was all a public land issue. It’s not easy trying to represent wild lands.
[See also: USU University Archives: 3.1/12-2: Box 11 fd.8: Sagebrush Rebellion]
You know the status that wilderness has. People on the right side of things, the rightwingers, view it as an elite useless aspect of land. In fact, I read something the other day
from a Montana writer, Bill Schneider, said that wilderness is more a multiple-use than
any other use. Mining and cattle are all single-uses that are providing profits for private
entities, using public lands. So, you can get into that whole argument too.
BC:
Because you’ve had experience in Canada and the United States does it differ between
the two countries?
BG:
It differs a lot, yeah. I very much favor the American government in terms of the laws.
When you look at the Endangered Species Act, which was passed during Richard
Nixon’s term, Clean Water Act, Clean Air Act were re-established I think, and NEPA
came in under those terms. Those are very powerful legal tools that can be used to meet
the vision that the legislators, federal legislators – senators, congressman – put forward
that brought those bills forward. And in contrast, in Canada, it’s very much a
discretionary function and the public doesn’t have strong laws. There is no Endangered
Species Act in Canada. People have been pushing for it, but it’s never occurred. And
when they did get one in Ontario, they had to fight to get things like critical habitat. If an
animal without a habitat to survive in is not a favorable outcome.
[47:29]
U.S. set some precedents, I think, worldwide in the kinds of laws that they’ve come up
with. Mind you, the industrial might in this country is tearing up a lot of land right now
for oil and gas development; whether those laws are going to stand by us – who knows?
But we have the tools; all we lack is the will to continue to use them. I think the people
are getting behind groups like Environmental Defense and NRDC [Natural Resources
Defense Council]. It’s an unfortunate reality that the public has to spend their money to
get the advocacy groups – the big groups like NRDC – to sue people like EPA which are
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�being paid to protect our resources, but aren’t doing it because of political pressures. We
have the government in Washington, as you know, that’s dominated by corporate
lobbyists – I don’t know there are some 20,000 lobbyists trying to get what they want
from our legislators! [Laughing] This is a poor man’s democracy in my view! It’s not the
reason I’m moving to Canada. I guess maybe I’m looking for a challenge going to
Canada and fighting. It’s pretty much the same in both places. The United States has a lot
of well-educated people and has very good ecological and fish and wildlife universities.
That’s why so many Canadians come to colleges in natural resources down here. I think
both to go to school and to teach.
BC:
What’s the future of the natural resources profession – I know in the ‘70s it seemed like it
kind of boomed and it dipped, and is it coming back or is it --?
BG:
That’s a tough one. I guess I’m an optimist to say that I see resurgence in the future.
Partly because the corporate dominance is getting through to people in a very large way,
including Republicans that really dislike giveaways to rich corporations. And I think the
global climate disturbance is so all-encompassing that people are seriously threatened by
the whole thing. And there are tons of other indicators, like the decline of fisheries
around the world, we’re losing all our large pelagic or open-ocean fish like the blue
marlin, white marlin, sail fin, the tunas – the big tunas, swordfish. These are all on their
way to extinction and to me that is quite tragic. I worked on swordfishing boats when I
was an undergraduate in 1959, as I mentioned, and we were getting fish that weighed 600
and 700 pounds. You’ll never see those again. They’re just not allowed to grow that
large, where they catch them around the 40 to 60 pound range. That is a recipe for
extinction. People like Carl Safina in Long Island – he’s got a successful advocacy group
for marine species and trying very hard to save them before they disappear because once
gone, it’s gone forever.
But I’m hopeful. I think if we get a change in government and we can get away from the
rabid materialism in this country we might have a chance. It’s all driven by oil and gas
and it’s kind of scary. It makes you want to buy a bicycle! [Laughing]
[51:06]
BC:
Well I’ll kind of maybe end up for today’s session and I always like to ask if you
could’ve changed anything about your life would you have?
BG:
I think I would’ve taken on and done research in more areas. I look back and I sense that
I was a little too reticent, lacking courage to tackle some questions that as I look back I
was right, but I didn’t have the confidence. It’s a strange thing to say, but I guess it’s part
of my personality that I edge my way into these things to see whether there’s enough
success going to be there, and I should’ve just said, “hell with it, I’ll take a chance!”
Because research, when it’s done right is new knowledge and you have to be willing to
fail. You have these mental images, which we call “ideas” about what could be. And I’ve
had a couple of instances where I had a hunch and I never followed it up and it turned out
I was right but I was left behind because somebody else did follow up. I think it’s maybe
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�a lesson when you’re working with students to follow your hunches and take some
chances. There isn’t much about my career, if anything, I would’ve changed. I look back
and feel like I’ve experienced the greatest parts of North American and East Africa and
the Caribbean that I’ve gone to with, I’ve had really great students who have been
enthusiastic, both at the undergraduate and graduate level. And, how could you not, if
you love wilderness and love the outdoors and you’re a bio-philiac as E.O. Wilson says
people that love animals. I’ve worked with dolphins; I’ve worked with swordfish like
I’ve said, pronghorn, deer, rhinoceros, elephant seals, bears – polar bears, black bears.
It’s been a great life.
BC:
Alright. One more question: do you have any spiritual connection to the natural world?
[53:39]
BG:
Only, I guess in a sense of wonder. I don’t have any religious connection. I don’t feel like
I’m doing God’s work on earth saving critters. I’m actually quite a rabid atheist when it
gets down to it because I think organized religions do a lot of mischief and are very
misguided. As I said to someone, “why would carry ideas, Paleolithic ideas in the 20th
century? Why don’t we invent a couple of new religions that are more in tune with
ecological thinking?” But I don’t think I’ll start a new religion.
But I do, I’ve got to admit I have a sense, I think from childhood, and maybe we all do
this, I’m not peculiar, that there is a certain sacredness in our respect to the natural world.
And we tear it apart rather willy-nilly for very mediocre reasons, I think. I think it’s very
easy for us to get carried away with comfort, oh, materialistic things: cars that are too big
and houses that are too big and appetites that are too big – all of which lead us downhill.
Someone I was reading the other day said that if we could convert to more poetry and art
and spirituality and history, and forget so much the comforts and add-ons, we would
probably have a richer mental life. I guess I buy in – I don’t guess, I know I do – I buy in
with the Bob Marshalls of this world in terms of wanting to save some wilderness. A lot
of people love dinosaurs, and maybe they’d like to have a land with dinosaurs, but our
grizzly bears and our big fish are our dinosaurs and we ought to save them so people in
the future – whether they’re our grandchildren or just other folks can have some of these
experiences as well.
BC:
That’s great. Anything else you would like to add?
BG:
I think I’ve already talked too much!
BC:
Alright.
BG:
I appreciate the opportunity.
BC:
That’s great.
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Barrie Gilbert interview, 21 May 2008, and transcription
Description
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The interview contains a brief description of Barrie Gilbert's childhood and details of his schooling and subsequent career in wildlife management. It includes his story of being attacked by a grizzly bear, his attitudes on wildlife management in both the U.S. and Canada, and the political pressures he and others face(d) in doing research in wildlife management and in management policies.
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Gilbert, Barrie K., 1937-
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Cole, Bradford R.
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Gilbert, Barrie K., 1937---Interviews
Gilbert, Barrie K., 1937---Childhood and youth
Utah State University. Dept. of Natural Resources--Faculty--Interviews
Kingston (Ont. : Township)
Professional education--Ontario--Kingston (Township)
Animal behavior--Study and teaching
Animal behavior--Research
Yellowstone National Park
Human-bear encounters--Research
Bear attacks--Yellowstone National Park
Katmai National Park and Preserve (Alaska)--Research
Bear hunting
Wildlife management
Bears--Research--Yellowstone National Park
Ecology
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Kingston (Ontario)
Ontario Lake (New York)
Yellowstone National Park
Katmai National Park and Preserve (Alaska)
Alaska
United States
Logan (Utah)
Cache County (Utah)
Utah
United States
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1970-1979
1980-1989
1990-1999
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2000-2009
21st century
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eng
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Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Logan Canyon Land Use Management Oral History Collection, FOLK COLL 42 Box 2 Fd. 6
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Logan Canyon Reflections
-
http://highway89.org/files/original/0b9702331cb03a29e4287af0cbb66f50.mp3
d9194660a07c0c2d5586679413fdc4ba
http://highway89.org/files/original/d086d7694ee188f757e113a90fd883ee.pdf
7b7b84870fb24b512c88d9ec13c5c68d
PDF Text
Text
LAND USE MANAGEMENT
TRANSCRIPTION COVER SHEET
Interviewee:
Garth Barker
Place of Interview: Downtown Logan, Utah
Date of Interview: 4 February 2009
Interviewer:
Recordist:
Brad Cole and Clint Pumphrey
Brad Cole
Recording Equipment:
Marantz Professional: PMD660
Transcription Equipment used: PowerPlayer Transcription Software, Executive
Communication Systems
Transcribed by:
Transcript Proofed by:
Susan Gross
Brad Cole; Randy Williams (8 March 2011)
Brief Description of Contents: Garth Barker discusses his involvement with issues regarding
multiple-use access for the Logan Canyon. He talks about meeting with politicians about
concerns. He also speaks about his experience as a member of Search and Rescue.
Reference:
BC = Brad Cole (Interviewer; Associate Dean, USU Libraries)
CH = Clint Pumphrey (Interviewer; USU history graduate student)
GB = Garth Barker
NOTE: Interjections during pauses or transitions in dialogue such as “uh” and starts and stops
in conversations are not included in transcribed. All additions to transcript are noted with
brackets.
TAPE TRANSCRIPTION
[Tape 1 of 1: A]
BC:
Hi, this is Brad Cole from Utah State University Merrill-Cazier Library, Special
Collections and Archives. It’s February 4th today; we’re visiting with Garth Barker in
downtown Logan and we’re talking about Logan Canyon Land-Use Management Project.
And also sitting in with us is Clint Pumphrey [USU Special Collections graduate student
worker and project fieldworker].
Garth, I always like to start an oral history at the very beginning and ask when and where
you born?
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�GB:
I was born in Logan, 1949.
BC:
Okay. So you grew up in Logan?
GB:
Been here all my life.
BC:
And if you don’t mind, maybe tell us who your parents were.
GB:
They’re still alive: Levere and Lunella Barker, and they’re still here.
BC:
And there were from Logan also?
GB:
Yes, not born here, but they moved here from other parts of Utah.
BC:
The project [Land Use Management] is working on Logan Canyon; and so maybe you
could tell us a little about your experiences with Logan Canyon and land use issues that
are -- .
GB:
Well, I’ll start in the beginning. Growing up here, before the valley grew so much, kids
lived, you know around the foothills. That’s where you spent your time. Whether you
were riding a horse or hiking or later on skiing; when motorized come along it was
motorcycles and snowmobiles. Back in the [19]‘60s and the late ‘50s you didn’t have a
mall; nobody went “downtown.” You bummed around the hills and because you are a
product of your environment, that’s kind of where all your interest went. We hunted; at
times you would start with the first season and go all the way through and fill the holes in
with fishing. And of course, long time before the valley grew so quick; seems like only
the last 15 years has all the holes filled in.
Later on, around 1985-84, when the Forest Plan was being re-done at that time, they started
closing things down. Way back during MJ Roberts time—he was the District Ranger at the
time—and this come as a surprise. How could they do that? Why are they closing this down and
closing that down. And at that time most of us had been exploring on with motorcycles, trail
bikes, horses. Snowmobiles weren’t a big thing, but they come along with winter travel plans.
And that started to affect the snowmobiling. At the time—up to about 1988-89—I was a skier.
And I remember crossing the first other cross-country ski tracks one day, wondering who in the
world was up here in my mountains, on skis like I was. Because before that I’d seen trappers
(guys that were trapping using snow shoes) but I was the only one that I knew of on cross-country
skis. And it was just purely for recreation; or sometimes you would go out on skis to hunt coyotes
or something. But it was a shocker. So I tracked the guy down and it ended up being a guy and
his girlfriend. And I had had my wife with me at the time. We set up on a sunny hillside and
talked. But that was probably 19—that would have been about 1980—when I bumped on to the
first other cross-country skier. But, pretty interesting.
Then I got into snowmobiling about 1986; mostly to supplement my skiing opportunities in the
winter. And you have to understand that during the summer it was still motorcycles and horses
and four-wheel drive trucks. But things were getting shut down. And being involved with a lot of
local people because the business here, the gas station and everything, attracted a good variety of
people. You become like a barber shop; you become aware of the issues. And they were
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�concerned and so I got involved. They made me the president of the Snowmobile Association.
And that really forced me into it. And of course it’s gone on since then.
BC:
How long has there been a Snowmobile Association? Is it the new association, was that -- ?
GB:
It had been around a long time before I got involved. I think it was formed in 1975 by some of the
locals out of Providence, Utah. And so it had been around a long time. And of course the
machines grew and advanced and become a little more reliable about the time I was getting into
it. It was a viable form of winter transportation. It should be excused!
BC:
[Laughing]
GB:
But there was also – for me it was a tool to get me into the backcountry so I could use my skis.
BC:
Um-hmm.
GB:
But as you get older and your knees start to go that machine becomes a better tool than the skis.
CP:
So when do you remember the first real challenges to snowmobiles and Logan Canyon and places
around here?
GB:
When I heard that they were closing down the base range in Green Canyon because it was going
to be included in the 1984 Utah Wilderness Act. And prior to that time the two canyons:
Providence Canyon and Green Canyon were access for the snowmobiles into the backcountry.
They removed the Green Canyon at that time, that access, and left the Providence access. Mainly
because Providence was quite developed with the Johnson Quarry up there, it didn’t fit the
description of Wilderness. So it was an area that we lost. And since then there’s been attempts at
in-roads adding to that area and I’ve been fully involved in that. As early as 1993-94 we formed a
group of people from all aspects. Headed up by the Chamber of Commerce we produced a
Citizens’ Proposal. And we tried over a course of three years to iron out the problems between the
two winter user groups; and produced a document that still has some viability today and has been
used numerous times during arbitration and mediation. But way back in ’93-94 we were really
involved in it.
BC:
Back up a little bit about the 1984 Wilderness Act, were you involved in the meetings and stuff
leading up to that?
GB:
CP:
No, no prior to that. And it was a mistake on a lot of us’ behalf is we wasn’t involved. Yeah,
Wilderness is a good thing. I mean as early as the Wilderness Act of 1964, it’s a good idea –
preserve it. But by 1984, a lot of us out west didn’t pay any attention to it until it hit home. And
of course back then the parameter set for wilderness were a lot better; they’ve been degraded and
watered down since then. What’s considered wilderness now, or a Wilderness Study Area
certainly doesn’t have the same quality that they did back then. But when they started hitting
home and shutting you down, then you start getting involved. And still even as late as probably
1990, we didn’t understand the process. And I would daresay the majority of backcountry users
still don’t. We tried to educate them on it; they don’t want to get involved. And I would say that
is the majority of people: “don’t take away my snowmobiling,” or “don’t take away my skiing,”
is as far as they want to get involved.
Why do you think that is?
GB:
I think, well if I could answer that question I’d be [inaudible].
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�[Laughing]
GB:
Too busy; too busy with making a living and playing. And until some things are taken from them,
removed from their opportunity, they don’t care. You talk to the guys up here – they don’t care
what’s happening in Southern Utah unless they’re a group that goes down to Moab or something.
They’re not going to make comment on it. They might once a year go hunt sage grouse, but when
a comment period comes around, put out by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife, they’re not going to take
time to make a comment on it. And then I think the other thing that has made it far easier is the
advances in computer technology and of course the web. Now information can be disseminated to
almost everybody, instantaneously. So today, as opposed to ten years ago, there’s far more people
involved. I think both sides now are holding their own. They’ll squabble over little pieces like we
have here. But I think both sides are more understanding now because of that tool.
CP:
So how have your efforts to combat the restrictions on outdoor recreation and things, how have
those changed over the last – well since you’ve been working on them?
GB:
How have they changed? They changed . . . our approaches changed because we learned that
grassroots movement didn’t work. We involved at one meeting (which was a workshop), during
the early stages of the forest planning, we had almost 500 people to a public meeting. That had
never been done before! To a Forest Service meeting over a Forest Plan. And it was kind of a
shocker, but it didn’t amount to anything. It made no difference to the changes they were making;
which was really kind of a low blow. You would think: okay, you’ve got 500 people here as
opposed to the opposition (if you will) 50 people. And it made no difference. And I was a bit
taken back by it and questioned which avenue to take at that point. And so I started to meet with
politicians and I found out that the politicians needed the people. They didn’t particularly care
about the issues either, but they voted. And if you go to a politician and say, “I have 750
registered voters that think like I do. I need your help.” They’ll say, “Okay, what can I do?” They
need the people, you need the politicians and the people to get anything done. And that was a far
better way to get things done.
BC:
Which politicians? Local politicians, or congress?
GB:
Actually, not even so much on local because you are dealing with a federal agency with the
Forest Service, you had to deal with our federal senators and congressman. And worked real close
with Jim Hansen while he was in office, and actually become a board member of a political pack
that involved 11 other chairs from different aspect of outdoor recreation: from backcountry pilots
to bighorn sheep hunters. And we would meet monthly in the back room of a Salt Lake restaurant
that looked like a Mafia setting. Big dark oak table --
[Laughing]
And being a political PAC of course we could have the politicians there. And they would be
looking for our support and we would be looking for their support. And I met a lot of the current
senators and congressmen at that point. That group of people numbered – the people they
represented – probably a million and a half people. Not just in the state of Utah. So if a politician
come in and said, “I need your support.” And you listen to him and his ideas, it was a big thing
for him. Matheson wouldn’t be one of our congressmen without the support of that organization.
But he understood that in his district there were an awful lot of people that hunted. And he
sought out the support of Sportsmen for Fish and Wildlife, which was one of the chairs. And we
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�discussed it and talked with his opponent (who was a Republican) and we decided that this
Democrat was a better choice.
BC:
Hmm.
GB:
He had a far better view of what the people needed that his opponent. And we supported him. It
didn’t really matter if he was a Republican or Democrat, but which one addressed the views of
the people the best.
CP:
So what were the opinions of Matheson that you liked so much, specifically?
GB:
He was willing to listen to his people. He cared more about the guy existing on a ranch, than what
was happening in the city; he had some pretty good homegrown values. And as a congressman, I
think he’s a pretty good congressman.
BC:
GB:
Did the pack have a name?
Macc. M-A-C-C: Multiple Access Conservation Coalition.
CP:
So you talk about how you worked with a lot of federal politicians in your efforts. What was the
makeup of your opponents? Were they federal environmental groups, or local type people, or?
GB:
Mostly, dealing with our issues here I was the only chair that was concerned with more than one
aspect. I was concerned with motorized access as opposed to Backcountry Pilots or the
Sportsmen for Fish and Wildlife or something like that. Because there were issues that we
bumped heads on within the coalition, within the pack. The hunting groups didn’t particularly
advocate ATVs, and yet my concern for my area was access. But we worked it out within the
group. Of course on the issue here on the Logan Ranger District it was a forest issue. And with
the right political help you can force things, and we did.
BC:
How has your experience with the Logan Ranger District, how well has the management been
and what would you think of the condition of it today versus 25 years ago?
GB:
Like any federal or state agency, they’re worth – not the job that they’re assigned to do – but their
worth and ability to get the job done is directly determined by the people in there. If a particular
District Ranger or department head has a personal agenda that’s going to affect how that entire
section works. Over the past 20 years we’ve had good District Rangers, we’ve had a lot of interim
District Rangers here. And for the most part they were good people, but they had their own
personal agendas. Or maybe the worst case was they came into it unbiased but they allowed
themselves to be affected by – and I hate to say it -- but they allowed themselves to be affected by
university people. The University is a big entity here. The Outdoor Rec Department has a direct
relationship with the Forest Service. District Rangers and Recreation Line Officers have let
themselves be – their biased was removed or enhanced, if you will. If they didn’t have any bias,
they certainly did after awhile because of the university’s influence. And you had to battle that.
And you had to battle it with the use of politicians. I’m not sure I answered your question. We
had to fight against the ideals that the university popped out. Which we did. It was effective.
I think we have a good mix right now. On the last round everybody lost something, but you have
to understand the views of the local people that access it using machinery. One time they could go
anywhere they wanted.
BC:
Right.
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�GB:
Then along came the Wilderness. Their area was cut by 274,000 acres. And then along come a
Forest Plan; and other areas were closed down. Whether it was a wildlife closure – which nobody
minded – or whether it was another user group that wanted another area closed. The same thing
still applies. A non-motorized user can still go anywhere they want, but the motorized people
were always the ones losing ground. And that’s tough for them to swallow.
BC:
How often do they do the Forest Plans? Is that a –
GB:
Congressional mandated every 10-15 years. There’s generally – takes five or six years to get a
Forest Plan done. We’ll be looking at the same issues again here in another five or six years.
BC:
I imagine the population growth puts more pressure on them too.
GB:
Yeah, it does. We’re still behind up here on this ranger district. There are still programs that
should be implemented that aren’t. And a lot of it is dictated by budgets and money. There should
be a Park and Ski program. There should be non-motorized trailheads established, where you can
buy a tag and go park there and you won’t have any opposition from other users that don’t buy a
tag (other non-motorized users). I mean Idaho, Oregon, Colorado – they all have Park and Ski or
Park and Access or whatever they call it – not in Utah.
BC:
Hmm. That would probably help –
GB:
Oh yeah.
BC:
-- (inaudible)
GB:
There you’ve got your own trailhead and nobody’s going to bother you. And somebody pulling a
trailer that wants to park and camp for a couple of days during the winter and fish, or whatever,
can’t park there without a sticker. You’ve got your exclusive -- . I’ve sent Idaho’s, Colorado’s,
Oregon’s bills, amendments, rules, off to our state people time and again: “can’t we implement
this?”
BC:
Does it have to be implemented at the state level?
GB:
Yeah.
BC:
What other kinds of programs do you think that we haven’t -- ?
GB:
That would probably be the most important as far as winter goes. Up here they pushed through
the Shoshone Trail System, but it’s not taken off here (this is for summer OHV use). It’s not
taken off here like it has in other parts of the state. In other parts of the state: the Piute, the
(inaudible) and some of the other trail systems, have done so much to improve the economics of
the regions they’re in – we don’t need it. Our little towns aren’t dependent on tourism.
BC:
Right.
GB:
We’re a university valley. And we have a lot of good light industry – who cares about a trail
system?
BC:
Now are those trails you mentioned, are they a part of that Great Western Trail System?
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�GB:
Yes. Well, that’s a little different. They’re not under the same organization. The Western Trail
covers a lot of states. Each state has a section, but it’s its own organization. The Piute – the other
trails are Utah trails and in cooperation with the Forest Service, BLM. A little different. The
Great Western Trail is its own entity.
CP:
So when you promote motorized transportation to the federal government, to the Forest Service
when you brought it – what is your and your organization’s stance about the benefits of motorized
transportation to having more access to the forest property?
GB:
Well let’s not use the word transportation, let’s use the word access.
CP:
Okay.
GB:
Ever since the west was settled, man has used whatever the best means was to access it; whether
it was a horseback or a boat or foot, or whatever – Model A’s and trucks and vehicles come along
and give access to the backcountry. Why? Well, not everybody is young and healthy. My 82 year
old father is not going to go up there and hike into the backcountry. I know some 85 year old
people that do, but he’s not going to. Or how does a person take all their kids back? And you’re
limited with how far you can go. Now you can drive up to Tony Grove and hike up and you
know, take the kids and hike up for a day. Probably not going to venture very far into the
wilderness. And because there’s more and more people all the time, and everybody wants to get
back in further – the way to do it is motorized. Plus, everybody should have an opportunity –
whether they’re non-motorized or motorized. There is your premise right there is something for
everybody, responsibly. I don’t know if that answers it.
CP:
Yes, that definitely is good. So, you know on the flipside of that, do you see in validity in your
opponents’ arguments that it should be limited?
GB:
Absolutely. Yeah, because I was a skier first before I become a snowmobiler and I don’t want to
get into philosophical reasons, but a non-motorized user has a different value base for the area
they are going to. And it may be the trip in is far more important than the destination. And they
may develop a – whether you want to use the term – sense of place, more so than the
snowmobiler. Yeah, he enjoys the ride probably as much as a skier enjoys a ski run, but is the
reward at the end bigger or better? Probably not. But he probably enjoys it for a different reason.
It’s not quite a religious thing – you can go under your own power and huck up a canyon and get
to the top and jump and down like Rocky and say, “I made it!” You know, he might do the same
thing on a hill with a machine, but – a little different. A little different.
BC:
I’m kind of curious because I don’t really know much about snow machines, but you mentioned
that when you first got involved in the early ‘80s they were a little less dependable?
GB:
I used to like to leave the summit – where the Limber Pine Trail is right now – put my skis on and
I would ski along the ridgeline and hunt snowshoe rabbits. And I’d to watch them stinking,
smoking machines down there try to get where I was at. I always thought that it was interesting –
why would you mess with this thing, it looks like you’re stuck half the time. You know, I
couldn’t understand why they was doing what they was doing. But one day a couple of us decided
– there were five of us – we was going to ski from the Sinks area to Hardware; that’s 35 miles.
That’s a pretty good huck for people on their legs. It took us all day, into dark to do that on skis.
And I can do it in 30 minutes on a snowmobile.
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�BC:
Right. The machines have changed greatly from then, as far as where they can go?
GB:
Oh! Every year they change. I don’t know where they can’t go now. The limitation being whether
it’s motorized or non-motorized. That’s the way they are. Technology has really improved them.
BC:
That probably then has created more clash, potentially, or not?
GB:
Probably not created more clash because skiers never got back there either. Mountaineering,
backcountry skiing – as opposed to cross country or light touring – is fairly new. And it’s new to
technology too: new types of materials, how the skis are made; the bindings, the boots.
Backcountry skiers are relatively new too. And the funny thing about it all is that you’ve got
machines that will get back in there in a hurry (as opposed to getting stuck on their way in like
they used to); you’ve got guys who can use their new skis and get back in there. Now you’ve got
a whole new segment, which we call them “snowmo-boarders” – they’re the guys with
backcountry skis or snowboards that are using a snowmobile to get back in to make tracks where
you can’t take a machine (or take you all day or two days to get on your skis). They are using the
best of both worlds for their recreation. And so both the “purist” groups, if you will, are looking
at them going, “Wait, wait a minute. We’ve got a new form of competition.” Just smarter.
BC:
Yeah. Poor man’s helicopter skiing.
GB:
You got it.
CP:
What areas in Logan Canyon right now are open for snowmobile access? Showing my ignorance
here.
GB:
Well, I don’t remember the numbers without digging into my books. Of course the Wilderness
area is closed. And you have closure up to Blind Hollow; you’ve got the Bunchgrass complex and
the Steam Mill complex and Hell’s Kitchen complex that are closed to motorized – which
encompasses over half of it. You have quite a bit that’s open, but it’s certainly not the same
quality. The Tony Grove area and on into Idaho is as good of snowmobiling that you’ll find
anywhere, maybe better than most nationwide. Same for skiing. You don’t find that type of
backcountry access and availability anywhere else close by. So we’re kind of unique that we have
one area up there that is el primo for both user groups.
BC:
So is the current plan overall working do you think?
GB:
It’s working. Yeah. Hopefully there’s no violation. I haven’t heard of any this year. And I think
people are pretty much satisfied with what we’ve got, other than the extreme ends.
BC:
Right. Which is always the case.
GB:
It’s always the case, yeah.
CP:
So how do you feel the plan here compares to plans in other parts of this area?
GB:
Every other forest that had to go through revision watched this district and this region real close.
They watched the fights; the lawsuits. And I think they took a lesson from them. And so most of
them are formed the same way: a little bit for everybody. We set a poor example, but a good
example. Our fights were long – I mean we went three years over what most Forest Plans take
because of litigation and mediation and ultimately arbitration and more lawsuits.
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�BC:
Have the groups learned from that? Do they work together better now?
GB:
It’s an uneasy truce.
BC:
Yeah.
GB:
We’re kind of like the Hamas and Israel.
[Laughing]
GB:
Nobody wants to throw the first rock, and they’re going to get a little bit complacent about it. And
maybe come the next time we need a Forest Plan there might be minor adjustments, but I think
it’ll work. I hope so. It was a long fight.
CP:
Why do you think it was particularly contentious here?
GB:
We had a real good gene pool of advocates from the university, as opposed to a real good gene
pool of advocates from the redneck community. In this valley the competitiveness among
snowmobilers is extremely high. We’ve got more world champion hill climbers in this valley than
anywhere else in the west or Canada. And same goes for the other race circuits in snowmobiling.
Providence has probably produced more snowmobile competitors in all aspects than any other
single town in the whole country. So a lot of fierce competitive people pitted against a university
gene pool, or recreation pool. Good mix for a fight.
[Laughing]
CP:
So has the fight ever gotten particularly nasty or do they keep it pretty civil?
GB:
You know, ironically nobody ever threw a punch until a skier lost it. It was a skier who threw the
first punch a few years ago, where he dove on the back of a snowmobiler and pulled him off his
sled and wanted to beat him up.
CP:
Just out on the trail?
GB:
Actually it was right on the road. The guy had drove his vehicle up there, parked it, let his dogs
out. He was going to put his skis on and some snowmobilers using the same access into Tony
Grove went by him. He didn’t like it. He thought the same ones were coming back and so he
jumped on the first snowmobiler that come back and was going to beat him up. And of course the
Forest Service happened to be coming along right then, they had to break it up. But it was just an
emotional thing. Nobody got hurt. I had a rock thrown through my window after one public
meeting; and a few death threats, but I didn’t take them serious. One of them, I wished I would
have recorded it. He says, “You’re ruining Mother Nature. We’re going to get you; we’re
watching you.” And I said, “You know, we ought to talk about this – get together some time and
talk about it.” “Well, that won’t do any good, but we’re going to get you.” I said, “Hey, what’s
your name so I can call you back and talk to you about it; I’m kinda busy right now?” “It’s uh –
no wait! I can’t tell you that!”
[Laughing]
You know, how can you take something like that serious? You just can’t.
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�CP:
So before we started the interview, we talked a little bit about your responsibilities with the
Search and Rescue and things. Why don’t you just talk about that. What your role is and all that.
GB:
Oh, I’ve been in there 16 years. Maybe 15 years too long. I do search and rescue because I’m an
adrenaline junkie. It’s not because I love humanity so much.
[Laughing]
We are highly trained professionals, unpaid. It costs us a lot of money, a lot of time. But there are
few things more rewarding than saving somebody. I have friends that are big-game hunters; go all
over the country hunting big game. I would rather go up and find a kid than hunt big game – and I
enjoy hunting. But if I had to take a choice between going after some trophy and going after a lost
skier, I would take the skier. I don’t know why – it’s really not good snowmobiling when you’re
out searching in the winter. Because you are usually out at night and you’re going into places
where people shouldn’t have gone anyway, but it’s enjoyable.
CP:
And so what area do you cover for that?
GB:
I do high angle water rescue – I’m not a diver. Of course winter, whether it’s on skis or
snowmobile. Well, every aspect of it.
CP:
You do summer – like with ATVs and things too?
GB:
Year-round. Yeah.
CP:
And is it just for this area?
GB:
Just Cache County.
CP:
Cache County?
GB:
Yeah. I’m not an advocate of ATVs. I had ATVs -- I prefer my horse. If I have to take my Jeep
into an area on a rescue, that’s what I do in the summer. If a horse is a more viable choice for a
search, I’ll use a horse. If I have to get on an ATV or motorcycle I could do it; I’ve rode both of
them for years. I’m just not a big advocate of them. But because I’m older than the young ones
coming in now, I let them do a little more of the grunt work. I have to sit back a little bit. But
because I’ve been in it so long, I act as an advisor and a safety officer. If avalanche conditions are
such, I’m going to make a call or make my recommendations to the commander and the sergeant.
But because of my knowledge of the backcountry up here I usually end up as a spotter in a
helicopter or as a consultant when we’re going over the maps. There’s few places I haven’t been
up here.
BC:
How is the organization structured?
GB:
We have two teams, two team leaders and a commander. We are under the direct supervision and
part of the Sheriff’s office. We have a sergeant who is our liaison as well as our commander. He
works very closely with the unit commander, hand-in-hand. On every situation they’re at base
camp making calls. I’ve been a commander, I’ve been a captain, I’ve been the state commander (I
just got out of that job, thank heavens) – state Search and Rescue commander.
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�But we break down into teams – whether it’s a snowmobile team or a high-angle teams, or water
rescue – we have some guys that are better at running the boats than other guys – they’ll be team
leaders. We have a dive team; we have guys that go into caves – this country is full of caves – and
so we’ll have guys that are specialized for that. But we only have 35 members. So we all crosstrain and it makes a tighter-knit group. If I’m not a lead on, say a high-angle team, I’m ground
support. And I don’t dive, but I’m ground support for the dive people. So it works good.
CP:
I just kind of wanted to go back. I felt like there was one thing that we didn’t cover very well
about your background a little bit. What is your training, your profession? What did you start
doing when you started in the work world?
GB:
When I wasn’t hunting and fishing, I of course graduated high school. I graduated from USU. I
had a composite major/minor in Advertising Design and Illustration, Photography and Drawing.
And after I graduated I went out and freelanced for awhile until my wife wanted more stable
paycheck. And so I went to work for Thiokol in their Art Department, I did all of their corporate
advertising. But I found out that my painting, my western painting, was a whole lot more fun to
do, so my father says, “come and help me build a building” (he had an old gas station here) “help
me build a building and we’ll see to it that you’ve got time to paint.” Which I couldn’t paint here.
I mean I did for awhile (this was through the ‘80s).
Business kind of sucked you up, and of course all the involvement with all the other issues, there
wasn’t a lot of time to paint. I’ve always enjoyed writing and communications because I had to
work with account reps, and writers. And I write a column for the newspaper right now, every
two weeks, as a conservative voice of the valley. And I feel myself going green sometimes. I
work as a government liaison for an energy development company – Vince’s company. I go down
and I’m usually the first contact with local governments and go meet the people and the ranchers
and the farmers. I worked real close with SITLA over the years, whether it’s on forest issues or
other issues.
BC:
And SITLA is?
GB:
School Institutional Trust Land Administration. They are the ones that give money to the school
kids, but it’s Trust Land Administration.
BC:
Right.
GB:
They own about, or are the care-takers of 3.5 million acres in the state of Utah. But for the 12
recipients, which are the universities and the school kids in the state, they’re an important entity.
But I work real well with them all. I don’t know why, but I get along real well with local people.
Now Vince (inaudible) Texas, Montana, New Mexico, which is fine. We’re all the same people.
But I get along well with them.
CP:
You got anything?
BC:
I’m good, fine. Do you have anything else you’d like to add?
GB:
Nope. This is a great place to live. We’ve got interesting times that we’re in the middle of right
now. I don’t know what’s going to happen, but it’s sure going to be a ride!
[Laughing]
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�The economics and a new president. I didn’t vote for him, but I support him. Hopefully he can do
the job.
BC:
Yeah.
GB:
But you have to sit back and be pragmatic. Whether it’s a forced issue or an energy project – keep
the humor. I learned a real hard lesson six years ago. You can make all the plans in the world and
formulate your future, have your agenda written in stone, and it can all change. My wife passed
away, I have a different outlook on everything, and I really don’t mind where I’m at now. But I
do look at things a little differently.
BC:
One other question I might have is, would there be any folks that you would recommend that we
might want to interview on this project?
GB:
I would go talk to Val Simmons. He’s been – or John Borg – they’ve been real advocates of
multiple access on the Logan Canyon. And they have some really good views. John is a walking
computer. He knows every rule, every aspect of the Forest Plan; he’s a great asset, great person to
have around. Val is very vocal and he knows what the people want. And between the three of us,
we did our job. I’d talk to those two.
CP:
Alright. Well we appreciate it.
BC:
Yup, thanks.
GB:
If you come with a question …
[Stop recording]
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�
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Garth Barker interview, 4 February 2009, and transcription
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Garth Barker discusses multiple-use access for the Logan Canyon meeting with politicians at Multiple Access Conservation Coalition member about land access concerns experience as a member of Search and Rescue.
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Barker, Garth, 1949-
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Cole, Bradford R.
Pumphrey, Clinton R., 1984-
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Barker, Garth, 1949---Interviews
Barker, Garth, 1949---Childhood and youth
Recreation--Utah--Logan Canyon
Snowmobiling--Utah--Logan Canyon
Politicians--Utah
Multiple Access Conservation Coalition (Utah)
Land use--Law and legislation--Utah--Logan Canyon
Forestry and community--Utah--Cache County
Off-road vehicle trails--Utah--Logan Canyon
Volunteer workers in search and rescue operations--Utah--Cache County
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Logan Canyon (Utah)
Cache County (Utah)
Green Canyon (Utah)
North Logan (Utah)
Providence Canyon (Utah)
Tony Grove (Utah)
Utah
United States
Logan (Utah)
Cache County (Utah)
Utah
United States
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1970-1979
1980-1989
1990-1999
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2000-2009
21st century
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eng
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Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Logan Canyon Land Use Management Oral History Collection, FOLK COLL 42 Box 2 Fd. 2
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Logan Canyon Reflections
-
http://highway89.org/files/original/4a0fa7a7420070da98af1739b08cbd16.mp3
443c2570e68967956a1ce14ce66b22cb
http://highway89.org/files/original/ae75b2113eb2fd69050bc275f6da44a7.pdf
8dcce733ab4a29305a892320625d6701
PDF Text
Text
LAND USE MANAGEMENT
TRANSCRIPTION COVER SHEET
Interviewee:
Scott Bushman
Place of Interview: Logan Ranger District Office, mouth of Logan Canyon
Date of Interview:
April 23, 2008
Interviewer:
Recordist:
Darren Edwards; Brad Cole
Brad Cole
Recording Equipment:
Marantz PMD660 Digital Recorder
Transcription Equipment used:
Power Player Transcription Software: Executive
Communication Systems
Transcribed by:
Transcript Proofed by:
Susan Gross
Scott Bushman, April 2009; Randy Williams, 17
March 2011
Brief Description of Contents: The interview contains information on the career of Scott
Bushman for the Forest Service. He was involved heavily in fire suppression and the Logan Hot
Shot crew. He also discusses how he first got involved in Logan Canyon as a youth in the Youth
Conservation Corps. He also gives a history of the Forest Service in this area and their
involvement, along with Utah Agricultural College (now Utah State University) in teaching
forestry.
Reference:
DE = Darren Edwards (Interviewer; USU graduate student)
BC = Brad Cole (Interviewer; Associate Dean, USU Libraries)
SB = Scott Bushman
NOTE: Interjections during pauses or transitions in dialogue such as “uh” and starts and stops
in conversations are not included in transcript. Many of Mr. Bushman’s edits, including more
information on the topic, are noted in brackets.
TAPE TRANSCRIPTION
[Tape 1 of 1: A]
DE:
I am Darren Edwards. I am here with Scott Bushman and Brad Cole. It’s April 23, 2008
at 2:15 [pm]. I guess just to get started, Scott what’s your full name?
SB:
Jon Scott Bushman, spelled “J-O-N”.
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�DE:
And when and where were you born?
SB:
I was born in Salt Lake City, Utah in 1953.
DE:
So have you lived in Utah your whole life?
SB:
Pretty much. I’ve lived all over the world, but pretty much this has always been my home
address for tax purposes so yep, yeah pretty much.
DE:
Could you give us a little bit more about just your personal history. Why did you travel?
Where are some of the places that you went to?
SB:
Well, I think like a lot of young people back in the late [19]‘60s and ‘70s, I was doing a
lot of hitchhiking and things like that, and I was in college. I remember hitchhiking quite
a bit around the western United States and I even hitchhiked to Alaska. Several times I
dropped out of school for a quarter and traveled, found odd jobs along the way and saw
new places. And I ended up, oh, I spent a lot of time in Central America and Alaska;
Europe and in the west here. I think a lot of that had to with – you know in my family, we
always did a lot of camping – that was kind of a family tradition. We spent a lot of time
in the outdoors. And I think it all kind of crosses over. When I was eighteen years old, I
was in high school; I applied for a job with the U.S. Forest Service for the summer. I
didn’t think I’d get it but I did. So I went to work in 1972 for the Salt Lake Ranger
District on the Wasatch National Forest and the YCC Program [Youth Conservation
Corps at Alta, Utah. The YCC was a youth work program that began during the Nixon
Administration.]
BC:
What types of things did the YCC do at that time?
SB:
Well, the YCC kids – I think there were 48 of us that lived at Alta – and our job was
basically to do “slave labor” project crews; we did trail work, we built campgrounds, we
hauled rocks, we did a little bit of thinning and pruning, but just a lot of different project
works. And it was a great job. We fell in line with the old CCC tradition – that is the old
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) from the 1930s. It was a residential camp located at
Alta so you went to the Forest Service office on Monday morning, [the camp staff picked
you up and they drove you up to Alta. On Friday afternoon they dropped you off back at
the District Office in Salt Lake.] If you had a car you could get home or your parents
would come and pick you up or we would usually just carpool with our buddies and get
dropped off at home for the weekend. Some of us would just turn around and go hiking,
or go back up in the mountains and go camping. I did that for a few years and that’s how
I really got involved with the US Forest Service.
Logan was a real special place. In 1973 the Wasatch and the old Cache National Forests
combined and it became the Wasatch-Cache. And what the Wasatch wanted to do was
make sure that the Cache felt like they were a part of this new forest because all of the
old Cache Districts on the Utah side went to the Wasatch-Cache. [So the entire Alta
YCC camp was sent to Logan. We felt that being sent to Logan was a reward for our
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�hard work], you know. We were detailed up to Logan for a week or so to do project work
on the Logan Ranger District. We were assigned to work up Left Hand Fork, where we
built a new Range fence in Herd Hollow. That’s where I first met the old District Ranger,
M.J. Roberts and his staff. And after that, coming to Logan for a week, in the YCC
program was the big prize. Everybody loved it up here. For the crew that worked the
hardest and did the best things and had the fewest accidents, their reward was that they
got to come up and spend a week in Logan camping out and doing project work on the
district here. So it was a great opportunity. And that’s how I first got introduced to the
Logan Ranger District – I think I was 19 years old. I remember I got my picture on front
page of the Herald Journal. I cut that out and it’s somewhere around here in the archives.
It was a lot of fun.
My earliest memories of Logan Canyon go back to probably the 1950s when we used to
always take our vacations up at Bear Lake. We would always come through Logan
because my dad had business here in Logan. He was a salesman, worked with the
department stores. So we would come here and he would work for a few hours, work on
his accounts, and then we would go up to Bear Lake and [spend a week at Gus Rich’s
Lake Shore Lodge. I don’t know if you remember Gus’s. It was sold and torn down in the
early 1970s. And that’s how we got to know Logan Canyon.]
DE:
So what are your hobbies and recreational pursuits now as an adult?
SB:
Well, I’m getting kind of a little old for what I used to do. I used to do a lot of hiking, a
lot of mountain climbing – I’ve always enjoyed that. I used to ride horses a lot and I still
travel a little bit but you get older you know, I don’t do the climbing I used to do. I keep a
sailboat up at Bear Lake and I spend a good portion of the summer up there sailing when
I can get off work and we don’t have any fires. [I still hike, camp and cross country ski
with my wife and kids when I get an opportunity. And I still do some horseback riding
here at work if I need check out a burn unit or fuels project.]
DE:
What is your title as a profession; what do you do for your profession?
SB:
Right now I’m the District Fire Management Officer. So my job is to run the fire program
– that means pre-suppression and to put out all the fires on the Logan Ranger District
which includes you know, everything from Idaho down to I guess down to Mantua and of
course the Wellsville Mountains. So I basically manage the fire program up here;
supervise the fire engine and the suppression crews. And I used to be the Hot Shot
superintendent for 20 years and I finally gave that up last summer and took this job (that
kept me away from Logan and from home quite a bit). Before that I was the Assistant
Engine Foreman on the District. I worked for Neff Hardman. Neff had worked here for
since probably – I think he started in the 1930s, went to World War II, came back and
then he got a full-time job after the war; he passed away a few years ago. But Neff was
my boss when I came here. [Before I worked for Neff in Fire I worked on the Young
Adult Conservation Corps.] It was another one of these Department of Labor programs in
it hired young people. We hired a lot of kids from Logan, from USU – mostly spouses
whose husbands were finishing up degrees and they paid them minimum wage and they
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�worked – it was a one-year appointment. And that’s what I came up here to do was work
for that program when I got out of college. I couldn’t find a job as a school teacher but
they offered me one up here. At that time I was [living in Kamas and working as the
Mirror Lake Wilderness Ranger. I applied for several Forest Service jobs that fall and
received 3 job offers. Logan was one of my job offers and I always loved the area so
accepted the Logan offer. With the new job, I moved to Logan in the fall of 1978 and
became a full-time resident.]
BC:
You mentioned the YACC –
SB:
Yeah.
BC:
You talked about hiring a lot of spouses – so mainly a lot of female workers it sounds
like?
SB:
Yeah, we had a lot of women on the crew and it was kind of interesting because it was a
time when the rest of the agency was looking at diversity and bringing women on to the
program and in Logan the complaint was that we had too many women. The old district
ranger was real concerned. There were a lot of really funny jokes about the old ranger,
M.J. Roberts. He was real old school and kind of uncomfortable with women doing
physical work. He would try to restrict them – he was afraid they would hurt themselves.
And the truth of the matter was a lot of these women were just as tough, or tougher, than
a lot of the guys. [Because many of women were a little older and more mature they
tended to be the squad bosses and work leaders. It was an interesting time. We had a lot
of fun and did a lot of great work projects for the District.]
Just kind of going back one of the memories we did we used to plant a lot of trees. Back
in the [19]‘60s and ‘70s the [District did a lot of timber clear cutting projects. A couple
of years after the logging project we would go in and do reforestation: plant trees. We
would have these huge tree planting camps. In preparation for spring planting we had to
cache our seedlings in the area in January. We would go into the Sinks, borrow one of the
Thiokol cats from Beaver Mountain and] then we would bury them under about 20 feet of
snow. As soon as the planting sights were clear we would dig tunnels in the snow caches,
find our trees and then we would set up our tree camps. We would put up all these big
tents, and usually it was in the snow. It was just terrible getting up there, but we would
live up there and we would plant 40-80,000 trees in a couple of weeks. We would haul
our own food up and the guys that did most of the work were the YACC [crew members.
We camped out and worked 10-12 hours a day and just stayed right on sight.]
There are a lot of stories about those times. These are like young, crazy college kids and
they made a little city up there. They built a hot shower, and we’re still wondering how
they did that – so they could shower at night. And I remember they even, up in the trees
they set up a wet bar [laughing], you know which was kind of illegal, but they did it
anyway they’d stick it up there and keep it out at camp. It was a lot of fun, but oh they
worked. It was just real hard work. You’d have to get up early to get your trees ready
and then you’d have to wrap them the night before. I can remember wrapping trees at 10
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�o’clock at night in a blizzard, when it was 15 to 10 degrees outside your tent and you’re
trying to get these things ready to go for the morning. So it was always interesting up
there.
BC:
Explain that a little bit more – you’re re-seeding, re-planting clear-cuts?
SB:
Yeah –
BC:
And the whole process of wrapping the trees and what exactly?
SB:
Well what you do – you get bare-root trees and the bare-root trees have to be frozen.
What we would do is in the fall (this is another great project we used to do) we would go
up in the canyon and we would climb or cut down cone-bearing trees. And we would
grab all of the cones we could – there would be bags and bags of them – and then we
would drive them up to [Boise, Idaho where our Tree nursery is located. The people at
the nursery would take the] cones and they would open them up, plant the seeds and then,
in a couple of years they would harvest them, wrap them in big boxes and we would send
someone to pick up the trees. [That way we knew we had seedlings indigenous to the
area. These were the seedlings we had in our cache. We would take those boxes and they
would be dormant, basically frozen. That’s why we buried them in the snow. Once we
got the trees to our camp the night before we planted them we’d open a box of trees,
measure the roots and clip them with scissors.] I think they had to be like 12 inches, you
know, depending on what they would say. So you would clip those off and then you
would individually lay them out in rows of 50, wrap them in burlap and soak that in water
and vermiculite. After they were soaked you would put it in your planting bag and just
leave it overnight. In the morning as the crews went out then they each would be given a
bag and then we would line up and they would have somebody that would go ahead with
a tool called a McCloud and they would scrape down through the grass about a 16 by 16
inch square of bare soil and then we had the next guy come by with the chainsaw with a
drill auger attached to it on the power head. They would drill a hole about 12 to 14 inches
deep; and the next guy would come along and put a tree in the hole and plant it. And
that’s what you did.
I can go up today and I can see the ones I planted back in [19]’79 and they’re doing really
well. It’s kind of fun to go up there. We did a lot up in Log Canyon Hollow area. Some of
those trees are probably 20 to 30 feet high now. We planted all through the Sinks area.
There are a lot of trees up there; they’ve been doing that for years. There’s one stand that
the Boy Scouts planted in the [19]‘30s, just out of Right Hand Fork, that are still just
barely hanging on, but they planted Ponderosa Pine which isn’t indigenous to this area so
they never really took off. It’s up in Willow Creek. It’s just kind of funny. They had a
nursery at Tony Grove and I guess, back in the Conservation Era, one of their
experiments to introduce Ponderosa Pine to the Bear River Range. There are actually two
or three coniferous trees up there that are doing pretty well, but the big experiment kind
of failed. They’re still alive but they’re barely ten feet tall! [Laughing] So, just an
interesting side line.
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�DE:
So if you could change anything about the career that you’re in now, what would it be?
SB:
Oh, it’s been a good career. I think probably I would have moved around a little bit more.
I spent quite a few years working on the Logan Ranger District and then they had a
reduction in work force and so I was let go: I lost my job up here. That was back in the
early [19]‘80s. And then I went back to school at Utah State University in Forestry for a
couple of years and was able to get my civil service Forestry requirements met and then I
left the area. I got another Forest Service job in Salt Lake for a year or so. I came back to
Logan in 1984 and worked as a seasonal for a few years. I think I probably would have
done better just to keep moving. I came back to the area because I liked it and then I was
offered an opportunity for another appointment with the Hot Shot crew. So my idea was
to take that appointment and then move on but I just kind of got – I got married, I had
kids, you know, we bought a place and so. We just ended up staying for probably longer
than we should have, but that’s why.
DE:
What was that – the Hot Shots crew?
SB:
Hot Shot crew is a fire crew: a 20 person hand crew, a line crew. The Logan Hotshot
Crew was established (there’s a real wild history about that) in 1988. Do you want some
background on that because –
DE:
Would love some background, yeah.
SB:
Well, you know when they first established the National Forest Reserve in Logan in 1903
they hired a local barber to be the first reserve supervisor, the first ranger – John Squires.
And I think that was pretty typical throughout the west. There seemed to be two schools
in the U.S. Forest Service back then. There were the eastern educated foresters from the
European tradition, sort of like Gifford Pinchot and his crowd; and then there were the
western forest rangers that were basically cowboys and ex-buffalo hunters and you name
it – just these guys that loved the mountains. So what they wanted to do was take what
they had in the west and teach them Forestry methods. Logan had the State Agricultural
College here and Forest Service begin teaching summer forestry course here in 1907.
When Ranger Squires resigned as the Forest Supervisor they brought somebody from
back east to be the [new Supervisor, William Weld Clark] – he was a Forester and he
began to teach summer courses up here at Utah State in surveying and forestry
techniques. Unfortunately he died – he had an accident getting on his horse at Card Guard
Station. He fell on his saddle horn while he was mounting the horse [it] created an
internal hemorrhage. I think it was back in 1907-1908, right around there. So they
brought Squires back in to fill in until they could find somebody new.
In the meantime there was a recognized need for Forestry education for these guys. So
back in the late 1920s a guy named Lyle Watts who was the Deputy Chief of the Forest
Service came to Logan and established the Utah State University department of Forestry,
the Natural Resources department. He later became Chief of the Forest Service. In the
1920s as Watts was putting the new Forestry Department together he wanted to bring the
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�working western foresters to Utah State and train them in Forest science and
management. [Watts felt very strongly that students needed] to have a summer program –
you know it wasn’t all winter and classroom studying. And so he started the USU
Forestry Camp up in Logan Canyon and that’s where that all came from. The problem
was that a lot of these guys were married people and they couldn’t afford to take the
summer off. They needed to work. And so Watts and the Department made an agreement
with the Cache National Forest to pick these guys up [after Summer Camp and give them
a job for the rest of the summer field season. Logan use to be the old Cache National
Forest Supervisor’s Office and it seemed to be a good arrangement for both parties. And
so every year the District Ranger would go up to Summer Camp and recruit 10 or 15] or
how many guys they could get and offer the students jobs here. Most of the jobs were
working in fire. They had a little fire crew. Anyway, over the years I think probably by
the 1960s it was pretty well-established that the Logan District would host a fire crew
every summer. And they even had patches that said “USU Fire Crew” on them and
“Wasatch-Cache National Forest.” Guys like – who was Gerald Ford’s son?
BC:
Oh, Jack Ford?
SB:
Yeah, he was on that – Jack was on that crew and Mike Jenkins was on that crew. Mike is
now a Forestry professor at USU. It is kind of interesting but within the Forest Service
community you’ll meet a lot people that worked on the crew back in the [19]‘60s and
70s. Once in a while and old crew member will come in and talk to me about it and want
to know how the crew is. Well, the crew was a pretty big thing for the Logan District and
when they combined the National Forest, when the Cache and the Wasatch joined
together they kept it going until the late‘70s. In 1980 the Intermountain Region decided
they wanted to establish a Hot Shot Crew on the Wasatch. So they took the money they’d
been giving to the USU Forestry Fire Crew and they established a National Hot Shot
Crew. They moved the crew to Kamas. The Wasatch Hotshots existed for three years but
they didn’t do too well. They had some, I guess they had some real problems with the
staff there and the community. [The crew members were pretty unhappy with the way the
program was run and complained to the Forest Supervisor. After three years the Forest
Supervisors, Chan St. John, decided the Forest was not going to host the crew anymore.
And so they gave the money back and that kind of fixed the problem that way.]
A couple of years later Dave Baumgartner, who was the new Logan District Ranger – he
came down from the Sawtooth – he really wanted to have the old crew back and so he
made a proposal to bring a new Shot Crew to Logan. The Region was still trying to place
a Hotshot crew in the Region. Placing a new crew in Logan seemed to make sense
because we had this tradition of the old USU Forestry Fire Crew. We still had all the old
equipment, you know, all the tools and stuff and the packs. The Forest Supervisor at the
time was Dale Bosworth. Do you know Dale? He was the Chief of the Forest Service
until last year and he finally retired. Dale thought it was a great idea so he got the
Regional Office to pony-up with the money. Dave established the crew but he couldn’t
find anybody to run it because it was a new crew. So he asked me to run it just to get it
started up with the idea that he could get me an appointment, you know if it became a
permanent thing. That is where the Hot Shot crew came. It kind of started with Lyle
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�Watts back in the 1920s [and you know it’s still here today. We still hire a lot of students
but now we have people from all over the country on the crew. We have also hosted
firefighters from Russia and Brazil. These are Wildland fire professionals that have
detailed with the crew to observe and learn American fire suppression methods and
organizational structure.]
BC:
What are some of the memorable fires that happened in this region that you’ve worked
on?
SB:
Oh, we’ve had some wonderful fires here. [Laughing] I think the first fire I ever worked
on in the Logan Ranger District was when I came up in 1973 on that range fence detail.
We had a fire up in Charlie’s Hollow up in Left Hand Fork. I can remember that because
we were rousted out of our tents and told to get down there and we’ve got to put this fire
out. We were all 18, 17, 16 years old. We loaded up in our carry-alls and drove down
there. The District crew just about had it out, but they let us mop up for about 30-40
minutes. The deal was that they had probably about 20 rattlesnakes crawling around the
fires edge where we were mopping up. This place was just lousy with rattlesnakes that
the fire had chased out. I can remember the Range Con (Conservation Officer) Stan
Miller, he was going around with a shovel whacking them and collecting the rattles!
[Laughing] I can remember the kind of scolding Stan for being so unfriendly to the
wildlife. But he was afraid someone was going to get bitten by them. Years later, when I
got my permanent job in Logan, Stan and I became good friends. Anyway, that was up in
Charlie’s Hollow.
We’ve had a lot of really interesting fires in Logan. And I hate to say some of them have
been just really fun. The way fires start around here is they are either man caused, like
kids playing with matches or hunters in the fall. But during the summer most of them are
caused by lightening strikes. In the 1970s and 1980s when we would get a “lighting bust”
on the District, typically you’ll get five or six starts right at the same time. That was
always fun for us guys; sometimes. We used to keep a heli-port down at the Logan
warehouse at the other side of town and when we got those afternoon lighting storms, it
seemed like it was always Friday night and you always had something better to do, you
know. You had a date or there was a movie or something like that. But Neff used to run
over and lock the gate and wouldn’t let us leave. He’d say, “You got to get your fire stuff
on because we got new starts and the helicopter is coming.” And so he would kind of
kidnap us I guess. But the helicopter would come, land; he’d give us a briefing, tell us
where we were going, divide us up into groups of two or three man squads; and then we
would jump in the helicopter and they would drop us off on these ridge tops all along the
front there. We got to spend the night there banging on these fires. [We would have to
stay on the mountain until they were out, usually by morning. The next morning we
would wait until the sun got up and then we would have our breakfast which was just
some kind of army ration, make some coffee and then right around 10 or 11 o’clock,
when we felt good about the fire, we could hike out and they would let us go home and
get some sleep. And those were a lot of fun.]
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�I think some of the biggest fires I’ve been on – well, I remember the year 1988. I
remember that year because that’s when we had Yellowstone burn.
BC:
Um-hmm.
SB:
And that was the first year that we had the Hot Shot crew here on the district and we
spent all summer in Yellowstone. And then when we got back everybody was so tired.
We got back in mid-September and we were ready to just – oh, that’s it – and about two
days later we had the White Pine fire, up in White Pine canyon. I was the initial attack IC
on that. I hiked up from Tony Lake and when I made it to the ridge above White Pine I
reported it at about 200 acres. It wasn’t that big but it was almost dark and fire look a lot
bigger at night than they really are. The dispatcher thought I was kidding so I repeated it
and he started ordering crews and helicopters. It was the biggest fire he’d ever seen in the
high timber. I’m not sure what it ended up, but it was the biggest fire I’d ever seen on the
Logan Ranger District. It burned most of White Pine basin. [We got it pretty much under
control by the next afternoon and turned it over to the State. The next day the fire blew up
again and the State Forester, Craig Pettigrew took it over as the IC. The fire was actually
on Utah State sections and not on the National Forest. By the time it was over we had
crews from all over the country working on it. We had a crew from Pennsylvania that
was assigned to the fire and they were kind of high maintenance. They were mad because
they thought they were going to Yellowstone, but Yellowstone had received snowed and
it was pretty well finished. So we got them and they turned into a problem crew.] But we
had some crews from South Carolina, some crews from the Carolinas that were a lot of
fun to work with. Good fire, a lot of pictures, a lot of good memories on that one.
We also had one up Spawn Creek that year. I think it was in October and it was just about
140 acres, again bitter cold I remember. That was a hunting fire, but I can remember the
thing being so dry that all you had to do was, you know look at a tree and it would go on
fire. I mean it was just bone dry up there. The fires we were getting were mostly hunter
fires. People would just do a warming fire and they would think they were out but they
would walk away and you know, they just start to smolder and two or three days later,
you know they were off to the races. Those were fun, fires but it made for a very long
season. I was glad to see the snow come.
I think probably as far as the media goes we’ve had several fires around Beaver
Mountain; one in [19]’89 and then one in the early ‘90s where the fire fighters got to ride
the chair lift up to the top of Beaver Mountain because that’s where the fires were. That
was kind of fun for them. It’s hard to keep track of all the fires. Fires on the Wellsvilles
have always been a painful experience. Our joke is “you’ve never really worked on the
Logan Ranger District unless you’ve carried a bladder bag up the Wellsvilles at two in
the morning through that brush trying to smell smoke out.” [Laughing] You know, that
was kind of your ritual of passage I guess, you had to climb the Wellsvilles. They don’t
tend to get very big, but it is so steep and hard to get up there with very few trails. Now
that it’s a wilderness area we look at them real carefully. If there’s not a lot of potential
we usually just monitor them or put in them in a Fire Use Status because they don’t tend
to move much or threaten anything. They don’t get big; they kind of just smolder around
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�for a day or two and then go out. So it’s not really worth spending the time and money to
go after them.
DE:
So how big were the bladder bags you carried?
SB:
[Bladder Bags? They’re “back pack pumps” and sometimes we call them “fedcos”
because that is the manufactures name. There are a lot of different terms for them]; some
of them aren’t very polite. They carry five gallons of water, so they’re about 45 pounds
because water weighs 11 pounds a gallon so. And that’s on top of your fire gear, which is
another 20 pounds and your tool and all the stuff you carry. So usually you really earn
your cookies when you climb up the Wellsvilles with that kind of weight on you.
BC:
I guess!
[Laughing]
SB:
And the fires are never near the trail! [Laughing] You’ve always got to bushwhack up
side of the mountain and usually it was in the dark. But good fun.
BC:
Have you seen the same – I know living in the southwest for a while a lot of the fire
problems down there were they thought caused by over-foresting and the thicket growth
that came in. Do you have the similar kinds of fire issues developing in this area of the
world?
SB:
Yeah, well specifically in Logan Canyon. I would say that’s a problem throughout the
U.S. now because of the fire control. Where you really see it is like in the large timber
stands in Idaho and Oregon and the northwest. California, because it is so heavily
vegetated and has a huge urban interface component. We live in an area which has a lot
of fire tolerance. What that means is a lot of the fuels are meant to burn. And as they
would say over at Utah State, “It’s not a matter of “if”, but “when.” But our fires haven’t
been the large, catastrophic fires that we’ve seen up north. A large fire around here would
be 100 acres. I think that may change. [Last summer we had a lot of new starts down on
the foothills, but once they got into the timber the fuels thinned out, and the fire behavior
would drop off. It was just kind of the consistency of the fuel type and patterns. Where
they weren’t consistent and continuous fire wasn’t able to carry. We saw this along the
7,000 foot level all summer long.]
As a student I can remember hiking up Cottonwood with Ron Lanner (he was one of my
professors) and drilling trees and looking at the ring patterns, you know to try and
establish a fire history. I think the Logan Canyon does have a history of fire. It is pretty
hard to find a stand of Doug Fir that doesn’t have some kind of a fire scar on the larger
trees. And just because we haven’t had a lot of fires in the last 100 years, well we have,
the pioneers recorded some, but I think it’s just a matter of time, you know. We’ll see
what this drought does; maybe not this year. [It’s been pretty wet out there this summer.]
BC:
Yeah!
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�SB:
When Albert Potter came through the canyon in 1902 he writes in his diary about a fire
up there by Stump Hollow (right across the street from where Beaver Mountain is) where
they had done some logging up there. Apparently some herders had decided that they
didn’t like the brush and so they were going to burn it off to just to get rid of it so the
cows could have more feed, and the sheep (because this was a major grazing area back
then). He writes the thing went all the way into Idaho and then some, you know
[laughing]. So it got away from them! I guess you could probably still find fire scars up
there.
DE:
So are you – kind of shifting gears I guess – are you a member of a religious community?
And if so, how has that affected your land use beliefs?
SB:
[Laughing] Well being from Utah, half my family were LDS, the other half are Seventh
Day Adventist and I’m kind of right in the middle. I don’t know if that really is kind of
good question for me, you know. My grandfather grew up in Arizona and he can
remember when he couldn’t go out and play because Geronimo was on the war path. He
was back in Arizona in the late 1880s and early 1890s. His Grandfather was part of a
colonizing mission down there. And they just had a real, I think, connection to wide-open
spaces.
My Grandfather was an interesting guy. He fought in World War I; he always believed,
you know, that the best President United States ever had was Teddy Roosevelt. He was a
Roosevelt Republican [and a conservationist. I think that idea of conservation, you know,
was a Republican thing. That was a long time ago, you don’t hear the word
“conservation” from the Republicans anymore, but those were different times. My
Grandfather ] was devout LDS but he seemed to think that the land somehow was part of
his destiny. There was an “LDS Manifest Destiny” that seemed tied to the land and he
used to say that he was here for a purpose and that was because the land would make the
people. Everybody says well, “we made this land.” He always said it was the opposite –
“the land made us and that’s why we’re here.” He really loved the wide open spaces and
he loved to travel; he loved to camp. That’s just the way he was. So I don’t know – They
say everything skips a generation? My dad, he kind of did that, skip a generation. He was
more of a, you know, a tie and suit guy. Dad was a businessman. He liked to camp but
not as much as my grandfather did. Dad never hunted; my Grandpa used to like to hunt
sometimes but he preferred to travel with the family and visit places he knew in his
youth. As for me, I think I was just kind of born into it, but I don’t know if you call a
religious ethic, maybe more of a cultural tie.
BC:
You mention that about the conservation movement, changing parties or disappearing.
Do you have any thoughts on why that’s changed like that?
SB:
Well, yeah I do, but I don’t know if I should say them! [I enjoy reading about Gifford
Pinchot and Theodore Roosevelt. They were powerful men and this was a powerful
history with a powerful ethic.] And then I hear the [Bush] Administration decides they’re
going to sell National Forest lands to private investors to help pay for the war in Iraq and,
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�well you know. It’s just a real struggle. But it seems to me that in natural resource
management these days the real stimulus and motivation come from the other side of the
isle, you know. And the Administration seems to have other priorities; conservation is not
one of them; reclamation is not one of them. I think the budgets reflect that, but I think it
speaks for itself.
DE:
So you’ve covered a lot of the Logan area and had a lot of connection with different parts
of it. Is there one part of Logan Canyon that’s more special to you that you have special
memories connected to more than other areas?
SB:
Yeah, there’s a couple. My favorite area is the Mount Naomi area. White Pine Canyon
area is real special. [When I first came to the Logan District on my detail in [19]73 we
were able to finish our project a day early so we had a free day before we had to return to
Salt Lake. A few of us kids wanted to go camp, I think rather than just stay in the
campground. So the Ranger recommended – he drew us a little picture and said, “Try
White Pine Canyon. Go to this lake, Tony Lake and find the trailhead and just walk and
then you’ll see it.”] And that’s what we did. We got over to White Pine Lake and I can
remember there was a group of Boy Scouts in there. And they had a chainsaw, a sailboat
and they were shooting .22s. We hiked down to the lake and confronted them and were
threatened by the Scout Master. He told us to leave them alone and that he was a personal
friend of the Ranger. And so we left and we spent the night and camped down over the
hill out of gunshot range from these guys. But we thought it was strange. They brought a
Jeep up there to haul this sailboat, and it was a little sunfish type of thing. I thought it was
a real strange introduction to the Logan Ranger District and White Pine. But I loved
White Pine Canyon, Boy Scouts aside. I’ve got just a lot of good memories of the area.
We used to take the fire crew up there and we would train, we would go overnight and
we would train doing initial attacks in the dark; wild times.
I think another one of my favorite places is High Creek over Doubletop. There was a time
when I [used to do a lot of horseback riding as a boy. When I started working Fire on the
District, in the late fall, after fire season when things slowed down, the old fire control
officer – Neff Hardman – used to let me take a pack string and go work the trails in the
high country.] I can remember one fall packing up over High Creek Canyon North Fork
into Idaho and then trying to go around Doubletop and work my way along the ridge to
Tony Lake. It was always a disaster. It kind of got to be a joke around the District, about
me getting lost in the mountains. And I can remember trying to bring a horse around
Doubletop – I think the horse was pushing snow up to his chest, [and I think he started to
roll and we almost went off a cliff there. To get off the mountain I had to lead him down
Hells Kitchen. I remember the horse sliding down the snow fields sitting on its tail and
using his front legs trying to slow himself down. They had an early snow fall that year
but I couldn’t see it from the valley. I didn’t think there would be that much snow up
there.] But High Creek Canyon, both the north and south fork are just special. If I was
going to recommend a good, beautiful place to anybody it would just be that trail along
Doubletop and then on top of Steam Mill over to the White Pine area. You just don’t see
country like that around here. It’s all alpine, gorgeous, a lot of wildlife, you know,
especially if you get out at in the evening or early morning. If you’ve got a horse, and are
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�in the area you can always see something – usually an elk or a moose or something. It’s
neat country.
BC:
I got to warn you a little bit, I’m just worried about that microphone.
SB:
Oh!
DE:
That’s good; I didn’t even catch that, yeah.
So with all you’ve done – you’ve been involved a lot of different ways with Logan
Canyon – how have you contributed to the changes in the land use policies?
SB:
Well I don’t think I really have. As the primary fire staff officer on the District much of
my job is to administer policies, not to create policy. Policy decisions and direction
usually come from a higher source and we tend to do the groundwork, the fieldwork. We
make recommendations, but usually the decisions are made at a higher level. For
example, when we begin to establish the Travel Plan on the District we had direction
from Washington but we were the ones that actually developed and wrote it. [We did the
mapping, hosted the public meetings and worked out the nuts and bolts of the thing. Of
course we only made recommendations. The Forest Supervisor had to approve the plan.
The idea of restricting motorized use on the Logan Ranger District seemed was
revolutionary at the time. What it meant was that times were changing. It was driven by
the huge increase in things like ATVs and motorcycles. They had became really popular
but the damage they caused had become unacceptable.]
BC:
What year would that have been?
SB:
Oh 1970s, I guess. I mean I had never seen an ATV until they started popping these
things out, I [guess in Japan. And by the late1970s they were everywhere. At first I
thought it was kind of a neat thing; I think originally it was an off-highway vehicle or
whatever. And they were designed to just go on the dirt roads -- kind of a safe alternative
to two-wheel motorcycles. That really changed things, you know. By the 1980s it looked
like something had to be done and so the Washington office ordered us to implement a
“Travel Management Plan.” Washington and the Region gave us some parameters but the
Forests did most of the work. It fell to the Districts to go] ahead and begin a road survey.
So we surveyed all the roads on the District and then make decisions on what roads
should remain open, what roads should remain closed. We were given some criteria – but
they were real simple ones. The Ranger would ask us was how old are the roads and are
the roads creating resource damage. And so we kind of went on that. The Division of
State Wildlife had some other criteria they wanted to throw into the mix too. Those
criteria were related to Wildlife needs and were probably a lot more restrictive to
Motorized use than the ones we used. This was because they were dealing with a lot of
decimation of the elk herds and declining populations. [You know, we were losing all the
calving grounds; they were being overrun by folks on Snowmobiles and ATVs in the
spring during the calving. So the State Wildlife people wanted to see more roadless areas
or what they termed “refuge” areas.]
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�My job – and this was the greatest job in the world, this was so cool – I was tasked with
mapping every road on the District. They gave me a motorcycle (a little Honda 90) and
they gave me maps and said, “You get out there.” Me and two others seasonal employees
; a woman named Darcy Becenti and Tony Cowan from the timber crew spent all fall
riding every dirt road, motorized trail, 2 track and dispersed camping site and mapping
them. We had all the District quads and we basically surveyed all of the existing roads on
the Logan Ranger District. Then we [took the maps that we’d made and we sat down and
discussed each and every one of them with Dave [Baumgartner], the Ranger, and his
staff. We made recommendations on what we should leave open and what we should
close.]
I thought many of the roads, as far as our policy went, were very reasonable and viable. I
remember arguing, “We should probably just leave those open because they’re not
hurting anything and they’re not causing any resource damage and they’re providing
access.” We were pretty generous with wanting to leave most of the existing roads open.
Other roads that were [obviously kids trying to get someplace they shouldn’t and, or
where there was real erosion concerns, we pushed to close those. Once we have the road
closed we started to do reconstruction/rehab on those areas. And it’s been a constant war
ever since; there’s been violence, vandalism and there have been threats. It’s an
amazingly emotional issue. I think it just wears people out.]
BC:
Would this have been part of the Rare II [Wilderness Roadless Area Review and
Evaluation] process, or was it a different process?
SB:
Well it was part of it. The Rare I and Rare II were Roadless Area surveys in the mid to
late 1970s. This happened prior to the Travel Plan from what I can remember. I worked
on both of them and, as I remember it was just to identify roadless areas that might have
wilderness qualities for future designation. It was a process mandated by Congress.
During the Rare I survey, I was living in Kamas [Utah] and I wasn’t that involved in it. I
was the Wilderness Ranger up on the Highline trail. But when we did Rare II, I was
working in Logan and I remember being detailed down to the Supervisor’s Office in Salt
Lake and working on the maps and the planning process. Everyone worked a lot on it. It
was huge – reading and documenting public comments mapping veg. types, wildlife
habitats, recreation use, land ownership and land use. We did it all.
BC:
Was that kind of the beginning of the real public comment period, do you think?
SB:
I don’t think so. I think there’s always been a process for public comments – I think it’s
per law. But I think NEPA [National Environmental Policy Act], when the NEPA process
was incorporated into the Forest Service the public comment process was more
formalized. And that’s been kind of interesting. I think we had NEPA for years and I
wasn’t even aware of it. I was always the guy that would build the trails or put out [the
fires. I’m just a forest technician and all the big decisions are managed at a higher level,
through Congressional Law or Administration Directives in Washington.] We just kind of
implemented the direction that the Forest Supervisor determined were appropriate. He
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�says to close a road, we’d go get a ‘dozer and we’d go close it. If we were told to open it
up we would get a dozer and open it up.
BC:
That somehow segue into – how did the Mount Naomi wilderness and Wellsville
wilderness come about? Do you remember that process?
SB:
Yeah, I was there! Gosh, when was that? I can remember that Ranger M.J. at the time
was absolutely convinced that we needed a motorized trail to the top of the Wellsville
cone for his motorcycles. I think I came to the Logan Ranger District about the time this
was becoming a controversial issue back in [19]’78. I remember hiking up to the
Wellsville cone with the trail crew foreman, Tom Esplin and actually surveyed and
flagging out a possible trail. And then the Mount Naomi/Wellsville wilderness proposal
completely shut that down and I think M.J. was pretty angry about that. Eventually we
did build a trail up there but it was for non-motorized of course, and it was just across the
cone. It allowed horse traffic to get around the cone safely. But the Wilderness Bill, I can
remember when they had the congressionals here at the USU Forestry Camp. They had
Jim Hansen and a US Senator from Colorado, I can’t remember his name, but he ran for
President-
BC:
Oh, Gary Hart?
SB:
Yeah, Gary Hart. They did a fly-by in a helicopter of the proposed wilderness area and
then landed at the Forestry Camp. We all drove up and listened to them talk. Gary Hart
was very impressive; Jim Hansen was not; I think he fell asleep, he just seem
disinterested. That was my impression of Hansen. The Wilderness proposal was fairly
controversial and a lot of local people opposed it. It was a real battle and a compromise. I
think a lot of people – there were a lot of forces that just didn’t want to see wilderness,
not only in Utah but especially in Cache Valley. They just felt like there were too many
conflicts and limitations. [I believe all the private and state holdings up in Franklin Basin
were not included in the Wilderness Bill because there were people in the Cache County
Commission that wanted to see development up there.] At the time Beaver Mountain was
on National Forest land and it was under permit. I remember the Forest and the permittee,
Ted Seeholzer, for management reasons, had wanted to keep Beaver Mountain a small
day-use only type of ski area. As I recall, the conservation coming out of the Cache
County Council was something like, “we’re loosing money because we’re not putting in
condos” and “we need to develop up there and be an over-night, year round, destination
resort.” They were determined that Franklin Basin, since it was all privately owned – or a
lot of it was privately owned and State owned – that would be a good place to build a
second Aspen or something. And so we had that conversation going on. I think a lot of
that kind of thinking was why Congress and the Forest Service didn’t push the wilderness
area past the ridgeline, you know, onto the east of the Mount Naomi ridgeline. A lot of it
is just ownership.
It was interesting that these private and State sections in Franklin Basin were eventually
include into the National Forest system through the land exchange for the Olympics. At
that time there was talk about the possibility of extending the wilderness boundary into
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�the other side. [This was during the Forest Plan revision and the Forest was give direction
to propose 5,000 acres to the National Wilderness System. But there was quite a bit of
public and local political opposition to it, mostly from the motorized access community.
So we lost the opportunity and the Forest purposed additional lands for wilderness
designation over in the High Uinta Mountains, but not in here.] There’s a lot of political
resistance to it. You know with the roadless area and then the Forest Plan; it’s been fairly
controversial.
BC:
The public hearings, do you remember that were held here for the early [19]‘80s, the
Utah wilderness – was there much support in the valley, along with the opposition?
SB:
I think back in the ‘80s and the early ‘70s, just personal observations, you know, I’m not
sure how accurate they were but I think in the 1970s Logan was a small, predominantly
agricultural, college town, and it was a party town. I think Cache Valley had half the
population it does now. I remember that the politics seemed to be a lot more moderate,
agriculture oriented, and that was a good mix. And I think in the ‘80s that kind of
changed as I saw more and more developers sit on the County Council and less farmers
and politics becoming more right winged to extreme. The dynamic of the area seemed to
change. I think with the growth, urban development and the decline of agriculture
attitudes are much more materialistic. It seemed like we have become much more growth
oriented, and much less, you know, concerned with the quality of life or the protection of
our resources. Cache Valley has become a lot more polarized. I noticed that with the
snowmobile/cross country ski issue over the last couple of years. I’m thinking back to the
‘70s with the cross-country ski races and how well everyone seemed to get along. We
used to have the Temple Flat cross-country ski race, do you remember that?
BC:
Um-hmm.
SB:
Yeah and just how different things were then. If you tried to do that now there would be a
lot of organized resistance to it I can remember one of my jobs in the winter was that I
would go up once a week – and this is a great job too – and I would ski all through the
Sinks area and I would put poles on all the sink holes out there. Because snowmobilers
had just started to use that day-use and it was becoming pretty popular and we had some
bad accidents. The snowmobiles in the sinks would be moving pretty fast and sometimes
they would drive into a sink hole and they would disappear. I think we had a fellow that
broke his back and so the Ranger wanted us to put safety flag around the sink holes, so
we did. We did that for about two years and then somebody said that well if we did that
then we would assume liability, so we had to pull them out. But you know, I saw the use
really change in the Sinks. It went from predominantly a family sledding, cross-country
ski type of use, to pretty much snowmobile use only. And then of course with the trail
grooming from Hardware Ranch to the Idaho boarder by the Utah State Department of
Recreation, snowmobiling as become even more and more popular. It is now drawing
people from all over the State and the country, thanks to special interest groups and
advertising. So it’s a growing activity. But it hasn’t always been that way. This hasn’t
always been the “premier” snowmobile capital of the world, to quote a local booster. To
me it seems very recent of that type of use.
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�DE:
When did you first start to notice the shift when snowmobiles became really big?
SB:
[Laughing] When I was told we would no longer be able to prune the trail for the Cross
Country Ski race. The reason I was given was, “We’re not going to do it anymore
because of user conflict.” [Also, there was some problems with the keg of beer the
organizers provided at the end of the race. The Cache County Council had passed an
ordinance prohibiting kegs in the County. And I think (I can’t remember when the last
race was), but I thought that was sad. It was another one of these fun Forest Service jobs
that seem to keep disappearing. I looked forward to the two days you got to ski with the
course with your pruners and chop out all the dead fall so the skiers could get through. I
think the last race was probably in the – early [19]‘80s?]
BC:
Early ‘80s, yeah because it was when I was in school I think.
SB:
Yeah!
BC:
They finished off –
SB:
Yeah and then it just seemed like everyone had a snowmobile and that’s all you saw in
the upper Logan Canyon area. I remember one spring when I was helping Mike Jenkins
with his Fire Class– Mike Jenkins used to teach a forestry class on fire at USU. Because
he used to help me with my fire training for the Hot Shot Crew I would have some of my
fire folks go over and help him with his training. When he did his field day for his red car
fire class I would supply him with tools and instructors.
I can remember one year we were working up at Tony Grove doing some line
construction, there was quite a bit of snow on the ground, it must have been mid-May and
we had an issue with some of the snowmobilers that were unloading and going up Louis
M. Turner canyon to access the Tony Lake area. The canyon was closed to snowmobiles
but apparently it was the only way they could get to the Lake as the snow had all melted
on the Tony road. The Travel plan was new and most people didn’t take it seriously. I
had to stop class and go over and tell them they couldn’t take their machines up the
canyon. It was posted but the just rode around it. I called the office on the radio and was
told that it was illegal and I that I needed to stop them. [It was pretty tense and they were
not happy. They explained their side of the issue and the whole deal seemed like a big
misunderstanding. It wasn’t violent, but there was a lot of hostility there. And I didn’t
realize that snowmobiling was such a big thing, you know. [Laughing] When the snow
melted, you just moved on, but apparently not.] So I think that must have been in the late
‘80s – ’89, maybe ’88. But I noticed there was a lot more of a combative atmosphere
then, a lot more passion than in the 1970s. You know, as you get more use, you get more
restrictions and then you know it’s just kind of the way things are. You just tend to – if
you work for the Forest Service, you’re in the middle. You try to just kind of work the
middle, you know, and make a decision for the resource.
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�DE:
So you talked about a lot of ways that political changes and society changed and things to
influence the land-use policies. Can you think of any ways that the land-use policies have
influenced change themselves?
SB:
I’m thinking: Land-use policies that influenced change? Well, in the fire world, Smoky
the Bear could be… and “prevent forest fires” may be policies that have changed or at
least forced change. Such as the fire suppression doctrine in the 1940s and ‘50s to the fire
prevention message – is that kind of what you’re looking at, or? Fire Suppression to Fire
Management?
DE:
That, or just any of the things in society that maybe you notice a problem you create a
land-use policy and then the problem goes away, or you know with the snowmobilers and
cross-country skiers. Have there been any ways that the social structure has been changed
or has it adapted in any way to a new land use policy?
SB:
Well in the social structure I think what we’re seeing is more polarization which is
unfortunate, [particularly in recreation. There’s more divisiveness out there. And pretty
much what we’ve found is that segregation seems to work the best; which I hate to say it.
For example, because of user conflicts with the snowmobile/cross-country ski people,
just you know, segregating the extremist. Particularly with the cross-country ski
community because in their world the presence of heavy snowmobile use, well it kind of
detracts from their experience. If you ever ski you know that the snow compaction, the
noise, the smell; it’s just not the kind of experience you are looking] for. On the other
hand, skiers really don’t seem to impact the quality of snowmobiling that much. With the
cross-country skiers using the snowmobile tracks, I mean the snowmobiles may have to
slow down a little bit, but I can’t see a big impact. Personally, I ski whenever I can, and
snowmobiles in the area really don’t bother me too much. I can see segregation in some
areas because of just the huge numbers. Forty or fifty years ago it was pretty much
everybody being courteous and that sort of thing, you know, recreated together. I think
with many motorized users there’s a different value system and what constitutes a good
experience. I’m not saying one’s right and one’s wrong, but there is sort of that different
level experience that people demand or what they want to have for themselves. Some
need solitude, unbroken powder, some need speed and some want a party atmosphere.
So user conflicts would certainly be a big issue.
Fire is one. But I think growth and development, you know, nationally and locally trumps
everything. One issue on the Logan Ranger District is Logan Canyon. That’s always been
a huge issue: how much development do you want up there? The old ranger MJ was
passionate that Logan Canyon would not be turned into a utility corridor. And he fought
anybody, tooth and nail [laughing] to make sure that that didn’t happen. And then he
retired. The next Ranger that came in thought that some utility improvements would be
appropriate, you know. I think the big issue for us was really that the power line over to
Beaver Mountain and what that might curtail. Once you had power there then other
things could follow and I know that was a pretty passionate issue on the District and it
was debated long and hard in the district staff meetings. And it was eventually felt that
that was a reasonable concession, you know, for the ski resort. A lot of people felt like
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�that was going to be the beginning of an urban canyon boom. Once you got power in the
[canyon, development and sprawl would follow. That was because much of the land in
the upper canyon was under State and Private ownership.]
The land exchange was pretty big. Back in I think it was the [19]‘80s we did an
exchange. The state was looking for money trying to turn the state trust lands into
something that they could develop revenues to support the State public education system.
One alternative that they came up with was trade those state in-holdings on public lands
like National Parks, National Forests or any federal public lands and then trade them for
sub-surface mineral, gas and oil leases. The thought was these gas and oil leases would
generate huge amount of income to the schools. Everyone thought that this was a pretty
good deal. And this was the proposal that was what was negotiated out, but when it came
to the Logan Ranger District things changed. The Logan District was one of the few
Districts on the Wasatch-Cache National Forest that had large amounts of State sections
of land inside its borders.
[And so an exchange between the Forest Service and the State that seemed like a natural
thing that would benefit everyone.] But the political climate at the time was very pro
growth and that again, the County wanted to get something out of it, which was economic
development in Logan Canyon. [As we were told at a staff briefing, they (the Cache
County Council) went to Congress and complained that the exchange didn’t benefit the
County and that they would oppose it. The council did not want to turn Franklin Basin
over to the Forest Service because that would limit the kind of development that they
wanted to see. So there was some pretty sharp political maneuvering and the State was
given the sections around and including Beaver Mountain Ski area. These lands that
normally would have been administered but the State Department of Forestry were given
to the School and Institutional State Land Administration. The idea was that the State
could sell the lands to private investors and, or they could expand the resort and create
more of a tax revenue. So that’s why Beaver Mountain is under SITLA.]
BC:
Right, yeah, the state, yeah.
SB:
And there were some very, very passionate, and I can remember, emotional arguments.
That was when Dave Baumgartner was here [District Ranger]. And Dave would probably
be the one to tell you about that. But that was huge. We just felt like things just changed
you know. I felt like that really brought the canyon into kind of a threatened and
endangered status with that land transfer. I don’t know, it depends on what you want to
see up there.
BC:
Well, you know just from the fire perspective has there been an increase as residency has
increased up there has that caused different issues for fire?
SB:
Yeah, that’s another huge issue. It’s a national issue. That’s what we call the wildlandurban interface or the term we say is “WUI.” I know, I had to look it up too! [Laughing]
But in terms of the future I think nationally that is such a big issue, it accounts for billions
of dollars in fire suppression cost every year defending structures, mostly homes on or
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�adjacent to public lands because of all the in-holdings. There’s California, of course,
every year and last year in this Region we had the Sun Valley fires around Ketchum,
Idaho and around McCall, Idaho on the Payette. There’s a lot of private money, you
know, invested in those communities and a lot of beautiful summer homes up there that
were threatened. And it’s quite expensive to protect these developments. There is an
expectation from the public that their tax dollars will pay for protection. With regards to
Fire strategies our first priority has always been Public and firefighter safety and to
protect private property. But it’s the desire to protect these resorts, summer homes and
small towns that kind of drives the cost up and we are not trained to deal with structure
fires so there is a real safety issue here.
BC:
Has that always been the case?
SB:
Pretty much, yeah. It’s just that we’ve never had the amount of development on private
property in the interface that we’ve had now, you know. And it’s not just the private
property; it’s like putting 3-4 million dollar log cabins in the middle of a forest that is
going to burn sooner or later.
BC:
Right.
SB:
So there’s a huge expense in protecting those homes. As far as our area goes I think
we’re seeing, in my opinion, the biggest threat potential is going to be Rich County.
[With all the development going on, not only Garden City, but everything to the south of
Garden City we are gong to see some real problems.] And it looks like sooner or later,
one way or another, all that ground from the Idaho border all the way down to Round
Valley and Meadowville is going to be urban interface, second home type things. Most of
the big land owners, the ranchers have already sold or are looking to sale. They’re
adjacent right to the National Forest. So I think in the future there’s going to be a huge
responsibility. For the Forest Service of course, you know these are not National Forest
lands, but they are adjacent to public lands and we do have cooperative agreements with
state and private and so we are involved. Most of those fires, what we’re seeing now are
fires that start on private land and then run into the National Forest. That is what
happened here in Cache Valley all last summer. And then once they cut across that line
then it’s our problem and we go into a fire suppression mode. We’ll implement what we
call a shared resource and unified command organizational structure with the State and
local cooperators. I think the fire guys in Cache County and Rich County are great to
work with. From my experience, they’re some of the best in the business. I think the one
fun thing about all this is that it gives me a chance to work with those guys. They’re just
really great guys to deal with. They’re all about protecting houses you know, and we’re
about protecting trees. And so we kind of, we’ll do the trees, they’ll do the houses. But
they’re a lot of good energy when we get together on these local fires.
DE:
You said earlier that you’re not so involved in making the policy, just kind of they make
the policy and tell you what to go and do. Has there ever been a specific issue – you
know, a big one or small one – that you felt extra passionate about and so you tried to
influence then, the policy? Whether it was writing a letter or talking to somebody?
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�SB:
All the time – I have files full of letters that I’ve kept over the years! And I always try to
throw my two cents in. There’s been some really interesting policies. I think, boy, land
exchanges you know have been one. You know these are all internal discussions that we
tend to have. I remember one of the big policies we had was on bolting in Logan Canyon.
DE:
Bolting for rock climbing?
SB:
Yeah, this is rock climbing. And as a climber, I was against it. I was not just against it, I
was passionately against it. And that’s because I started working for the Forest Service in
Little Cottonwood Canyon. My first duty station was Alta, Utah. I kind of grew up at
Alta. I started skiing at Alta when I was six years old. Lived up there for years and I used
to climb all that granite since I was in high school. But that really changed. By the mid
1970s rock climbing became so popular in the canyon that it became kind of a
commercial zoo where they had vendors down there at the base of all these rocks, selling
equipment. There was no parking. There were just so many issues. There were no
restrooms there. And it was tough; sometimes you’d have to wait for two or three hours
just to do a climb if you wanted to wait in line. And I think there was a group going to
Utah State that thought that was a good think and they wanted to see the same thing
happen up here.
And so what we found out was one summer they had put up 200 bolt routes. Not only in
Logan Canyon but also in the Mount Naomi wilderness using electronic grinders and
stuff like that. And therefore once that got out, phone calls were made and then the debate
came. They came in and we had some interesting discussions; we had some nice tours.
There was the issue of the primrose up in Logan Canyon which is a rare and endangered
species and we felt at the time that was one thing we could hang our hats on to try and
reduce the level of that, at least limit the area. But I was pretty vocal on that. And I think
I used to – I would kind of email the Ranger with comments and personal opinions.
I think [I] drove the Rec. Forester, Chip Sibbernsen, crazy with my comments to the
bolters. He was in charge developing the climbing and bolting policy for the District. He
was such a nice guy and always trying to see both sides. Anyway, he took me with a
grain of salt. I guess I made him laugh. You know, they should have fired me, but I kept
it “in-house” and with things like that you have to. But I was pretty passionate. I thought
it was littering and what I was afraid of was that they would start to turn Logan Canyon
into a parking lot: vendors, and kind of a climbing destination playground. And this is
exactly what they wanted to do. I remember the discussion was that this was world-class
climbing and that people from all over the world wanted to come here and climb in
Logan Canyon around China Row. They said they were already actively promoting the
area with climbing magazine articles, guide books and that kind of stuff. Yeah, ask Scott
Datwyler about that. [I remember Scott was running Trailhead Sports which was the local
rock climbing supply store and he was kind of in that group too, or at least some of the
people in the climber group worked for him.] I think they finally gave up and moved on.
Their plan to make Logan Canyon a world rock climbing center didn’t happen. As far as I
know the bolting has really slowed down and they’ve kind of limited the bolting to
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�certain areas. They’ve closed off a lot of areas because of the primrose. So that was one
area that was oh, I got pretty involved in.
The other was the hardening of the Tony Grove picnic area up there. They wanted to
bring in asphalt pads and harden some of the sights and put a big trail around it. And I
was against that. [Laughing] I thought they should never lay asphalt near Tony and we
had a long battle about that. [Chip and the Forest Engineers wanted to harden the area to
accommodate more users and eventually turn the lake into a “Fee Demo” area.] It made
sense but a lot of us wanted to limit use and reduce impacts that way. I don’t like the idea
of charging money to use public lands.
The other one was Tony Grove guard station. We were looking into turning that into a
historical center and then putting the snowmobile parking lot out there. Some of us were
really against that one because we were afraid with the snowmobile parking lot adjacent
to the historic guard station we may see some vandalism and some damage. As it turns
out we’ve never had a problem at all, but you know, I remember that was a big battle, a
big discussion. There were plans to turn the [Tony compound] into an interpretive center
where they would have a full time host. The host would dressed up in period costumes,
do a little gardening and do interpretive programs for visiting tourist. In the past it’s
always been a working guard station and we liked it that way. We kept our horses there
and did a lot of work out of there every summer. We would run our trail crews, our pack
streams out of the station, when we’re working the Tony Lake or Mt. Naomi high
country. I don’t think they do anymore because everybody drives cars now, but we used
to ride a lot and we would work our crews out of there and we didn’t want to lose that.
What other battles have we fought? Boy, trails; keeping trails open, closing trails. I’ve
always been on the side that we need to keep the trails open. I think the Rec. people have
been on the side that we can keep them open, but if we can’t maintain them you know,
maybe it’s time to let some of lesser used trails go. So they’ve kind of shut down some of
my favorite trails, or stopped doing maintenance. They just don’t have the money to do it
anymore. So that’s an issue.
Road issues are always there. I think one of the most difficult issues I remember dealing
with was the reconstruction of the road and bridges in Logan Canyon back in the 1990s.
Another hot issue is the constant battle with the public over road maintenance. Boy, it is
difficult to get folks to understand that the money and the time and the effort we’ve spent
on trying to keep the backcountry roads clear and up to a good standard. I mean, the
public constantly complain about road conditions. You could spend a million dollars on
them and everyone is happy. Then it’ll rain and then the hunting season starts and then
the high school kids are up there with their four-wheel drives and put ruts in them, you
know and the roads are worse than ever. It just seems like it’s a loosing battle – and then
we don’t have the money to go back and fix them again for three years. We do everything
kind of a three year rotation, so that’s always been a big battle.
DE:
So who would you say were some of your most influential teachers, both in your field
and just in your interactions with the canyon; either formal or informal?
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�SB:
Well, I think Neff Hardman. He was the GDA (the General District Assistant), bachelor
farmer from Mendon. Neff had worked here, grew up in Mendon; he died in the house he
was born in. And Neff, he just loved the Forest Service; he loved the country around
here. He was a great teacher and had a great work ethics and a great land ethic. He was
kind of a legend too. I mean, I knew about this guy years before I ever met him, you
know, just rumors down south in Salt Lake about Neff. M.J. Roberts was an interesting
guy, interesting Ranger. I think he had some good qualities but a lot of people thought he
was a little bit heavy handed and like to micro manage. Some of the people that worked
on the District when I started were really good people but Neff seemed to hold everything
together. I really, really appreciated his influence on the District. Another person I met
when I came to Logan was Ann Shimp.
BC:
I’ve heard – didn’t she write the guide book with Scott?
BS:
Yeah, Ann was here when I first came. Then there was Sabina Kremp that ran the YCC
program, and Mike Jenkins over at USU, he was kind of an old Forest Service Logan
boy. As far as the canyons go, you know, there are a lot of fascinating people that sort of
haunt them. Some of the old herders that you run into are really interesting. I really don’t
remember all their names. Some were local but a lot came from all over world, from
Europe, Mexico and South America. I can remember the names of some of the owners.
They may or may not be worth remembering but the guys that work for them and have
been up in the canyons for years, they’re good people to know. They know the country,
and they just have kind of interesting sense about them. You meet so many interesting
people up there.
I meet old Forest Rangers now and then, old Forest Service guys that wonder around and
make sure things are still being run properly. I don’t write their names down, but I
should. They’ll come up and they’ll talk your ear off if you let them. And that’s good.
Ted Seeholzer, who owns and runs Beaver Mountain, has been up there forever. Ted’s
boy used to work for me and I think he’s kind of managing the place now. His name is
Travis. He was on the Logan Hot Shot crew back in 1996. Anyway, Ted’s always been
an interesting character in Logan Canyon and he’s had some real influence on some
important issues. I think anyone that likes to ski in Cache Valley doesn’t want to risk
getting on the bad side of Ted.
DE:
What was their last name again?
SB:
Ted Seeholzer? Ted Seeholzer
DE:
Seeholzer.
SB:
Yeah, and Ted’s been up there forever. I can’t say forever, but from before my time.
BC:
Did you ever know Doc Daniels?
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�SB:
Very well. Yep, my first experience with Doc was seeing him running around in a
meadow on the School Forest in the sinks. He was on one of his study plots chasing a
porcupine around with a baseball bat trying to whack it on the head. [Doc hated
porcupines because they ate his tree seedlings.] When I came to USU as a student, Doc
was semi-retired but I knew him through the work he was doing with the Forest Service
and Utah State University when I worked on the District. But I knew of Doc long before I
came to Logan. When I started working for the Forest Service back in the early [19]‘70s
a lot of the guys that I worked with were Utah State University Forestry students and they
use to talk about Doc all the time. Back then you couldn’t be a Forestry Graduate at USU
unless you could get passed Doc, you know, in his silviculture class. Silviculture class
would kind of make you or break you and Doc was sort of the terror of the Forestry
department. And I knew Doc through Cache County Historical Society. He loved Cache
Valley History and would go to the meetings. A few years ago I was asked to give a
presentation on the history of the Logan Ranger District and the Cache National Forest. I
didn’t know it but Doc was in the audience and every time I missed something or got
something wrong Doc would shout out and correct me. I was getting kind of mad but
when they turned on the light Doc waved and everyone laughed. Doc always came to the
meetings to correct us and make sure we got it right! Yeah, we know Doc. We’ll miss
him. Dick Shaw just passed away too, this last month –
BC:
Yeah, I heard that.
SB:
And Dr. Shaw was my old Botany professor when I was a student. He used to kick
around quite a bit up in Logan Canyon. He use to tease us Forestry Students because we
to take his botany class. He thought we only cared about trees and he liked wildflowers.
He told us once, “If you guys can’t/couldn’t cut it down with a chain saw you didn’t want
anything to do with it.” I have a lot of good memories of my old forestry professors at
USU – Carl Johnson was one of my professors and the Extension Forester from Utah
State. He wrote the books on native Utah plants and sort of pioneered conservation
education in the elementary schools. Carl just did all kinds of good things for the
department and the community. He liked his students and it was always fun in his class. I
remember spending hours going on Carl’s field trips. They were always fun and not to
demanding. Going up the canyon with him was interesting but he loved to talk and
sometimes it got a little long. So there are a lot of people in the canyons that you meet…
you run into and come to know. A lot of the folks that I knew have passed on. When I
first came here there was a gentleman that worked for us who could remember logging
back in the 1910s and ‘20s when he was a boy with his dad, from Wellsville. His name
was Albert Johnson and Albert remembered [coming over Callie Canyon in a wagon and
bringing the lumber down the canyon to the sawmill in Logan. Now a lot of them are
gone; but I enjoyed knowing them and hearing their stories.]
DE:
What are some of the books or writings, if there are any that have influenced your
feelings about land-use management and policy?
SB:
Oh, well you know I think from early on there are some great books out there. But if I
was to give you one book you know – I’ve got thousands of books at home. Gifford
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�Pinchot’s Breaking New Ground; it’s a great read. I’ve got some good books on the self
– oh, what do I have? There’s a bunch of books over there.
BC:
What strikes you most importantly about Pinchot’s book?
SB:
What I like about Pinchot was his energy and his passion. He just has a passion for
conservation and service, I mean beyond anything I see today. The early 1900s was a
very formative time in the country’s history, and it was a progressive time and it was an
exciting time. There were new ideas, people with energy and high ideals and resource
conservation was a new kind of “cause” – brand new. They were just walking into
something for the first time, starting from the ground up. And if you read it, you know,
you feel that excitement and purpose. I read about Pinchot and Roosevelt a long time ago
in High School and college. I really thought Breaking New Ground was a powerful
book. I read a lot of books; I think you know now my background and training is not all
in Forestry. I’m a trained historian, not a forester.
BC:
Your initial degree was in history then?
SB:
Yeah. And Geography; I had a double major. And so I used to read a lot of crazy history
books when I was a kid. History and adventure were my first love. I always enjoyed early
American history, adventures, mountainmen, frontiersman type things. I think I was
reading those frontier [adventure books from the second grade on; I think most kids my
age did. Our heroes were Davy Crockett and Daniel Boone. And I think the heroes these
days are like the Power Rangers, or –]
BC:
Yeah! [Laughing]
SB:
It’s just kind of a different generation. I don’t know – outer space, cyber cops or
something like that.
BC:
Utah State went through a period where they hosted a lot of writer workshops with fairly
prominent writers that came in working canyon. Were you ever involved in that at all?
SB:
No, but Ted Kindred was. I think you’re going to interview Ted.
BC:
Yeah, right.
SB:
Yeah, Ted – that dirty dog [Laughing], he used host a dinner for the Western Writers
Conference at his summer home in Logan Canyon for the writers. Ted loves interesting
people and good conversation.
BC:
Um-hmm.
SB:
You know, Ted had a summer home up at the mouth of Beirdneau Canyon. Ted and I
were really good friends; we both collect books. And I’ve got a lot of signed, first
editions. And every time I think I’ve got something really neat, Ted has it, plus five more.
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�BC:
[Laughing]
SB:
But he used to go up and he would always find out which writers were coming to his
dinner and he would go buy their books. And then during the course of the night he
would get the books out and have the authors them sign them. And I think his funniest
one was Edward Abbey; I guess he’s got some good stories about Abbey.
BC:
Yeah.
SB:
He’ll be a good one. I was never involved. That must have been before my time.
BC:
I was thinking – it seemed like Tom Lyon was involved and stuff.
SB:
Yeah. I remember Tom. Tom’s boy actually worked for me.
BC:
He passed away?
SB:
Yeah, in the avalanche in Logan Dry Canyon. Max Lyon. He’d worked for the YCC and
he worked for me in the YACC program. He was a good kid. One thing I remember
being really pleased about when I first came here was that District had the YCC program.
We had a great camp, we had great leaders, and it was fun to get to meet the kids from
Cache Valley. I remember Paul Box – Thad’s boy – was in it. They had a lot of USU
professors’ kids in the camp. We also had the “born and bread” kids, you know, the
farmers, the ranchers, the locals. And it was just a great mix, and what a great opportunity
to kind of integrate a whole generation to public land use and conservation. [Ronald
Reagan – it was one of the programs he axed, you know, when he became president. All
those national conservation and public work programs went away.] But I thought it was a
great program. That’s how I started in the Forest Service. I was in high school, it was the
early [19]‘70s Earth Day movement, you know, and “the Environment is going to be the
new frontier” type of thing. As for the YCC’ers, I keep track of some of the kids. I hear
things about Paul once in a while from his dad, and some of the other ones; I’ve done
better with some of the leaders.
DE:
Are there any other particular stories you’d like to share that we haven’t probed at you
with questions yet?
SB:
On Logan Canyon? Well, a lot of time up there wondering around, you know. I can think
of a lot of thunderstorms where you’re caught up on Mount Naomi and ducking for
cover, and you know, all of those good things. When I first came here I did a lot of
climbing in the canyon – no bolts.
DE:
Traditional?
SB:
Yeah, well, just chalks and so that was a good thing. It’s been an interesting kind of
career. As far as work goes I think some of the more interesting projects we’ve done have
been the wildlife habitat improvement with our juniper cuts up in the canyon here. We
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�used to do those and it wasn’t so much that we did them, it was the crazy ways that we
used to try and get our poles off the cliffs and down here to the highway. Back then we
would pick them up throw them off a cliff, pick them up at the side of the road and load
them on a trailer. We would take them down to the boneyard which is across the street
from Zanavoo; then we would soak them in creosote and that would be our fence post.
We did that for years. That was always a fun job; it was dangerous job and I’m just
amazed we didn’t get someone hurt, you know, working when it was four below zero
we’d be up there with our chainsaws, climbing cliffs and trying to do little things. It was
fun.
BC:
[Laughing]
SB:
Oh, gosh, a lot of burning in the fall. That used to be one of our fun projects; we’d burn
slash piles in the early winter. Just as we’d get a couple feet of snow on the ground we
would go in and burn. And we had some pretty interesting times there. You know when
Ranger Dave came he was excited about burning, he wanted to do spring burns and I
think I can remember we were real worried about these things getting away from us, but
he encouraged us. He wanted to try and get all the slash cleaned up. And Dave was very
progressive in his thinking. He was thinking wildland fire use and reduction in fuels way
before it became in vogue. I can remember the problem we had was that we work until
about 10 o’clock at night or midnight, and then we would pull out and drive down the
canyon to the warehouse. The idea was that the night air would cool them off and the
piles would go out. I think we were chasing burn piles around in August – it was really a
bad idea because some of the big piles never went out. But it was kind of fun coming out
of the Sinks about midnight; it was interesting not only for the animals you saw out on
the road, but for the sneaky timber thieves who were up there stealing lumber at two in
the morning! [Laughing] And so that was kind of fun – come up and there would be three
guys loading up fire wood at midnight and we would have to stop and have a
conversation with them. But yeah, that was fun.
DE:
I guess my last question – what should Logan Canyon, the Logan Ranger District, look
like if it’s a healthy system?
SB:
Well, I think if it’s a healthy system, I think you would want to see a stabilization of
growth, public use and the maintenance of conditions. When I say maintenance of
conditions, I think the last hundred years you’ve seen a tremendous improvement in
range and timber, than what was there say, 100 years ago – 1908. The photographs bare
that out. But the user conflicts seem to be on the rise. Land management is becoming a
social issue and a political issue… and societies’ priorities are changing. Today, when
there is a conflict between conservation and resource protection and politics, more often
than not, politics wins and the land looses.
BC:
Right, yeah.
SB:
You know we had a huge controversy with grazing issues in Logan Canyon a few years
ago: cows and sheep in the watershed. We still do but the truth is; things look pretty darn
Land
Use
Management
Oral
History
Project:
Scott
Bushman
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�good up there. You go up there, you walk the ground and you look at it and it’s not in bad
shape. I don’t think livestock grazing is a real threat as long as we use good management.
I think the greatest threat to resource quality in Logan Canyon is a lot of new
development and I’m talking the urban-interface again. And I think that could happen.
And I think that’s going to have a huge impact on not only people that use the canyon for
reception but on water quality, wildlife fire protection and scenic quality. It’s just not the
urban sprawl and the numbers of people It’s also all the paraphernalia they bring with
them. I think that you could see something real similar to what you’re seeing on the
Angeles or Cleveland in southern California today. You’re going to have too many
people and interest fighting over land use and management priorities. I’m not sure I
would trust all motives to have the best interest of the Forest and the public at heart. I
think it is [important try and maintain the environmental integrity of the canyon and
protect wildlife habitat and the quality of the water. If we want to do that then we have to
make some hard choices, and use is going to be more and more restrictive. And I hate to
see that, but I think that’s probably where we’re heading. You just have more people
wanting more access and having great demands on the land.]
DE:
Brad, do you have any more questions?
BC:
No, I think I’m okay right now.
SB:
Was this of any value to you, or?
BC:
Yeah, it was interesting.
DE:
This is very interesting, yes.
BC:
Great, yeah.
DE:
Well, thank you very much for your time today.
SB:
You’re welcome.
DE:
Again, this is for the Oral History of Logan Canyon Land-Use and Policies Project. And
Darren Edwards, Brad Cole and Scott Bushman. Thank you.
SB:
Thank you.
Land
Use
Management
Oral
History
Project:
Scott
Bushman
Page
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�
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<a href="http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/LoganCanyon/id/93">http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/LoganCanyon/id/93</a>
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Scott Bushman interview, 23 April 2008, and transcription
Description
An account of the resource
The interview contains information on the career of Scott Bushman for the Forest Service. He was involved heavily in fire suppression and the Logan Hot Shot crew. He also discusses how he first got involved in Logan Canyon as a youth in the Youth Conservation Corps. He also gives a history of the Forest Service in this area and their involvement, along with Utah Agricultural College (now Utah State University) in teaching forestry.
Creator
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Bushman, Jon Scott, 1953-
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Cole, Bradford R.
Edwards, Darren
Subject
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Bushman, Jon Scott, 1953---Interviews
Bushman, Jon Scott, 1953--Career in Forestry
Forests schools and education--Utah--Logan--History
United States. Forest Service
Logan Canyon (Utah)
Uinta-Wasatch-Cache National Forest (Agency : U.S.). Logan Ranger District
Logan Interagency Hotshot Crew (Utah)
Hitchhiking--West (U.S.)
Youth Conservation Corps (Utah)
Vacations--Bear Lake (Utah and Idaho)
Forest fires--Utah--Logan Canyon--Prevention and control
Young Adult Conservation Corps (Utah)
Tree planting--Utah--Logan Canyon--Anecdotes
Utah State University. Forestry Field Station Camp
Forest fire fighters--Utah--Logan Canyon
Forest fire fighters--Training of--Utah--Logan Canyon
USU Forestry Fire Crew (Logan, Utah)
Forest fires--Utah--Wellsville Mountain Wilderness--Prevention and control
Utah State University--Faculty
Wildland-urban interface--Uinta-Wasatch-Cache National Forest
Forests and forestry--Multiple use--Law and legislation
Wildlife conservation--Utah--Logan Canyon
Land use mapping--Utah--Logan Canyon
Land use--Law and legislation--Utah
Utah--Politics and government
United States. National Environmental Policy Act of 1969
Land use--Utah--Logan Canyon--Planning--Citizen participation
United States. Wilderness Act
Rock climbing--Law and legislation--Utah
Pinchot, Gifford, 1865-1946. Breaking New Ground
Baumgartner, Dave
Roberts, M.J.
Range management--Utah--Logan Canyon
Utah. School and Institutional Trust Lands Administration
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Oral histories
Interviews
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Logan Canyon (Utah)
Cache County (Utah)
Alta (Utah)
Logan (Utah)
Bear Lake (Utah and Idaho)
Bear Lake County (Idaho)
Rich County (Utah)
Herd Hollow (Utah)
Tony Grove (Utah)
Beaver Mountain (Utah)
Cache National Forest (Utah and Idaho)
Yellowstone National Park
Wellsville Mountain Wilderness (Utah)
Mount Naomi Wilderness (Utah)
White Pine Canyon (Utah)
High Creek Canyon (Utah)
Doubletop Mountain (Utah)
United States
Logan (Utah)
Cache County (Utah)
Utah
United States
Temporal Coverage
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1970-1979
1980-1989
1990-1999
2000-2009
20th century
21st century
Language
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eng
Source
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Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections & Archives, Logan Canyon Land Use Management Oral History Collection, FOLK COLL 42 Box 2 Fd. 6
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Inventory for the Logan Canyon Land Use Management Oral History Collection can be found at: <a href="http://library.usu.edu/folklo/folkarchive/FolkColl42.php">http://library.usu.edu/folklo/folkarchive/FolkColl42.php</a>
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Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Fife Folklore Archives Curator, phone (435) 797-3493
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Logan Canyon Land Use Management Oral History Collection
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audio/mp3
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FolkColl42bx2fd6ScottBushman
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23 April 2008
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2008-04-23
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Logan Canyon Reflections
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http://highway89.org/files/original/e1df76c1a34c3b52502775e91165d52b.jpg
07e8cdd7fa211837d5a02439c5f46cee
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View looking southeasat from the roof of the business building
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An account of the resource
View looking southeast from the roof of the Business Building. The photo was one in a series taken by Campus Planning to show parking lot wasteland on campus in advocacy of a second quad west of the Engineering Building. View shows the Moen and Greaves dormitory halls, as well as Highway 89/400 North street in Logan. Also depicted is the "Island" area of Logan.
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Utah State University--History--Pictorial works
Utah State University. Moen (Johanna) Hall--Pictorial works
Utah State University. Greaves (Ethelyn O.) Hall--Pictorial works
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Photographs
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1972
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Logan (Utah)
Cache County (Utah)
Utah
United States
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1970-1979
20th century
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eng
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USU Historical Photo-board Collection, photo no. USU-A1768
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Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives
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Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the Cache Valley Visitors Bureau, (435) 755-1890 or 1-800-882-4433
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usu_a1768.jpg
Highway 89; Utah State University;
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http://highway89.org/files/original/6389effe38bdf9b6bada7cbe56a49175.jpg
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8/29/2002
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Aerial view, Summer 1970, of Utah State University campus, looking northeast
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Aerial view of Utah State University campus, Summer 1970, looking northeast. Size of photograph: 8 x 10 in.
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Utah State University--History--Pictorial works
Utah State University--Aerial views--Pictorial works
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Photographs
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1970
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Logan (Utah)
Cache County (Utah)
Utah
United States
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1970-1979
20th century
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eng
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USU Historical Photo-board Collection, photo no. USU-A0062
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Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives
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USU-A0062.jpg
Highway 89; Utah State University; Old Main;
-
http://highway89.org/files/original/d2f2fab98225699096e02cba6e0c813a.jpg
11037229b1e085fde41932f2e90f8058
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2008
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View looking east from the roof of the Business Building
Description
An account of the resource
View looking east from the roof of the Business Building, 1972. The photo was one in a series taken by Campus Planning to show parking lot wasteland on campus in advocacy of a second quad west of the Engineering Building. View shows the Engineering Building, the Fine Arts Center, and the Reeder and Merrill dormitory halls, as well as parking areas.
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Utah State University--History--Pictorial works
Utah State University. Engineering building--Pictorial works
Utah State University. Fine Arts Center--Pictorial works
Utah State University. Merrill (Laura R.) Hall--Pictorial works
Utah State University--Student houseing--History--Pictorial works
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Photographs
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1972
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Logan (Utah)
Cache County (Utah)
Utah
United States
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1970-1979
20th century
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eng
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USU Historical Photo-board Collection, photo no. USU-A1771
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Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives
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usu_a1771.jpg
Highway 89; Utah State University;
-
http://highway89.org/files/original/3d6ff3d966f70a9c28eb6a7ce384ba69.pdf
000bb71612f5c5ec22029533e7d37362
PDF Text
Text
~-
.. -
EDUCATION CAMPAIGN
Citizens for the Protection of Logan Canyon, Cache Anglers,
Logan Canyon Coalition, Bridgerland Audubon Society,
Willow Creek Ecology
Land Management in Logan Canyon
W e, in Cache Valley, are extremely for tunate to
have Logan Canyon and surrounding public lands in
our backyard. While there are some private and state
lands in the Canyon, most is federal land . It is owned
by yo u, the citizen.
As an owner, yo u have the responsibility to be
aware of past, present and proposed activities that can
affect the long-term health of this land for future generations. The purpose of this publication is to bring
these issues to you and help you become involved.
.
-- - p
J
CII ..
-
Cache Anglers
U
fCCKOG' ~
,-,
S everal public interest organizations are involved
in protecting Logan Canyon.
For 30 years Citizens for the Protection of Logan
Canyon (CPLC), and la ter Logan Canyon Coalition
(LCC), have worked to protect the canyon from
excessive and costly highway construction.
The mission of Bridgerland Audubon Society, a
Cache Valley institution, is to conserve, enhance, an d
enjoy the na tural environment with special emphasis
on birds and their habitats for the benefit and education of humanity and for the biological d iversity of
the earth.
Willow Creek Ecology is an organization devoted
to better management of p ublic lands th rough scientific research, ed ucation and d irect action.
Cache Ang lers is an organization dedica ted to the
protection and promotion of local fisher ies and
their habitats.
~<>
BOII/u'vi lle ell IIIrroof
•
The Logan River is a quality source of life.
"Your present localion is designed to
you for a refuge, a place of rest; therefore see to it that ye pollute 110t your
inheritance, for if you do, you might
expect that the judgement of heaven
will be poured out upon you."
- Brigham Young
�.M LOGAN CANYON
-D
EDUCATION CAMPAIGN
Highway Construction
Proposed improvements of Highway 89 have been the most visible issue in Logan
Canyon for a long time. Although conservation gro ups wanted to protect the canyon
from excessive highway construction, they also recognized the need for improvements, such as bridge replacements. Two bridges (Burnt and Lower Twin) have been
replaced . The next construction project is the section between Franklin Basin and
Tony Grove, including the replacem ent of Upper Twin Bridge. This is a sensitive area
since the Logan River is very d ose to the highway. Protection of the river w ill be a crudal concern. Accident statistics for the last three years in this area indicate that 70%
of the collisions are animal impacts and the remainder are cars off the road or car
swipes with no fatalities, showing that speed is a major factor in canyon accidents. A
wider and straighter highway will enc01.lrage drivers to increase speeds, resulting in a
more dangerous highway. While highway construction remains a very important
issue, it is time to broaden our concern to other issues that impact the canyon and its
watershed . What are these issues impacting the natural beauty of Logan Canyon?
Wild and Scenic Logan River
The Logan River has recently been found eligible by the Forest Service for Wild and
Scenic classification. Parts that are eligible are a six mile section from the Idaho stateline to the Beaver Creek confluence and a 20 mile section from the Beaver Creek confluence to Third Dam. A suitability study is next; and following that, an act of
Congress to make the designation official. This process will be long and likely contentious; particularly in a state with an unsympathetic congressional delegation and
many opponents who have and will make fa lse claims and accusations. The Wild and
Scenic Act is an excellent way to protect a river in its natural state and its current form
of management. It still allow s for private property rights, hunting and fishing, and
other activities that will not harm its remarkable qualities. Certain restrictions do
apply that must be spelled out ~n a negotiated management plan. Hundreds of communities across the nation have benefited from such designations. The Logan City
Council has been asked to support the Wild and Scenic designation, and we hope they
will recognize what an ...... OW' river is to our community.
-
-
LOGAN RIVER
----
WIW&SCENIC
....
,--
~-
,
t
The Federal-State Land Swap
In January, 1999 the long-debated land swap between the State of Utah and
the federal government became official. The State of Utah became the owner of
apprOximatel y 3(XX) acres near Beaver Mountain and became the landlord for the
Beaver Mountain Ski Resort. Since the mission for the School and Institutional Trust
Lands Administration (SITLA) is to provide income to the public school system, they
could sell the land to the highest bidder. Their mandate is to manage lands for thei r
"highest and best use." This swap has raised concerns among a number of groups.
Bddgerland Audubon, Logan Canyon Coalition (LCC) and Citizens for the Protection
of Logan Ca nyon (CPLC), the Great Western Trail Association, Backcountry
Horsemen, Cache Valley High Markers and the owners of Beaver Creek Lodge cooperated to form the Beaver Creek Land Alliance. Their primary interest is preserving
the scenic vistas and maintaining public access. Although there are county zoning regulations for private lands, SITLA can override local zoning regulations and develop
land according to its agenda.
........ 5<_.-.
Could tile land around Beaver MO
llrlta;n be developed Wit/I cOlldomi"iums a1ld mufti-millio1l dollar IIomes ? YE S!
Motorized Recreation
In recent years the dramatic rise and ind iscriminate use of motori zed recreation, ind uding ATV's and snowmobiles, has resulted in tremendous impacts. Wildlife and Forest Serv ice enforcement personnel are overwhelmed with countless incidents of new "ghost" roads being
forged, vand alized gates, hillsides being denuded, stream banks destroyed, and illegal travel in wilderness areas. Often it is a small per.:entage of users who are the violators. But as the total number of off-road vehicles increases, more impacts are guaranteed and the threa t to
w ildlife increases. While such vehicles are valid and legal forms of recreation, there will come a time when the Forest Service w ill need to
restrict their access.
�LOGAN CANYON'"
EDUCATION CAMPAIGN -0Erosion due to lack of vegetative cover from grazing i1l tile
North Rich Callie Allotment.
Impacts i1lclllde ground cover
reduced to 23%, 1055 of soilllll tri~
ell ts vital to plan t Viability, and
tile tra mpli1lg of springs arid
small stream chari nels to the
pairlt where they no longer exist.
These problems are serial/sly
compoll rlded by tile irrespollsible
lise of ORV's over these lands.
-
-
Livestock Grazin g
Seventy-two thousand acres of Logan Canyon are divided into 25 allobnents for grazing
sheep and cattle. Some areas are being overgrazed and stream banks in riparian areas are being
trampled, resulting in increased sediment, loss of aquatic life, and the loss of stream side
tree/shrub canopies. This results in warmer water temperatures and loss of fish habitat.
Watershed d egradation by livestock has been documented on forest lands in Spawn Creek in
the Temple Fork drainage. During the summer of 1997, Spawn Creek had four times the allow~
able count of fecal coliform, at precisely the same time as
These bacteria are indi~
~_ _ cators of disease.causing organisms for-such diseases
Allotments near
tospirosis. Another example is the Little Bear Sheep and
summit. Impacts include ground cover reduced to 23%, loss of soil nutrients vital to plant v i a ~
biIi ty, and the tramp ling of springs and small stream channels to the point where they no longer
exist.
A loss of diverse ground covers results in the decline of wild life such as snowshoe hare and
grouse. This fu rther results in a decline of animals that prey on small mammals, such as the
goshawk. In fac t, goshawk numbers have decreased so significantly that it has been listed as a
sensitive species, wi th several attempts since the ea rl y 90's to list it as endangered. The Forest
Service has recen tly undertaken a project to provide a managemen t d irection that maintains or
restores fu nctioning forested habitats for this bi rd .
National Forests are OUT watersheds, the source of three- fourths of our d rinking water in the
West. A growing sector of the public is demand ing a return to pristine mountain streams ra ther
than streams and meadows tra mpled into mud and littered with cow manure. Improved care
and proper management are imperative for the l ong~ t e rm health of our forests. Not onl y is g raz~
ing degrad ing o ur public lands when improperly managed, but it also heav il y subsidized by
the you, the taxpayer. For every $3 in profit made by the permitee, taxpayers contribu te $4 in
subsidies; hence, ano ther reason for needed reforms.
-
Grolllld cover after grazi/lg.
Ground COl'tr witllout grazing.
Logging
The Bear Hodges Ana lysis project includes plans by the Forest Service
to log nearly 3.5 million board feet of timber near the summit of Logan
Canyon. This tree harvesting project in both the T. W. Daniels Forest
(USU) and Wasatch·Cache National Forest, is an attempt to "restore" the
spruce-fir forest to an iII-defined "historic" condition through si lviculture
tech niques. Si lvicultu re is the practice of growing and cutting timber.
Managi ng pine ba rk beetle infestation by logging this stand of old trees
is also a component of this project. It is a doubtful practice, one that has
fail ed to control beetle infestations on most other forests; and it is often
used as a rationalization for timber harvests. It also ignores the larger his~
to ric role that pine ba rk beetles play in the ecosystem. Dead and d ecay~
ing trees provide necessa ry wildlife habitat and nutrients for new forest
growth . There is a larger concern that trees in the Bear Hodges area are
a remnant old g row th fo rest, one that sho uld be preserved for the sake of
biological d iversity.
ClearC/lt ill Bear Hodges area tllat liaS /l ot regt!1lerated ill 30 years.
�LOGAN CANYON,
EDUCATION CAMPAIGN
"Destroying the last wild
places ... is like tearing the
last pages from the Bible."
- Robert F. Kennedy
-
Updating the Forest Management Plan
The Forest Service is currently in the process of revising its forest management plan. This will provide direction for forest management for the next 10-20 years. The
new plan will focus on ecosystem management, a form
of management that considers all the impacts on the
long-term sustainability of the forest, and one that could
possibly conflict with the current "multiple-use" concept
of permitting logging, grazing, mining, and all types of
recreational activities. Resolving these issues in a way
that reflects more than special interests will require public input throughout the development of a new forest
plan. Citizens must be part of this process if they want
healthy forest lands for future generations.
Input from grassroots organizations must move forward. If you care and want to know more about these
issues, send us your name and address on the form
below.
We will inform you when there are crucial issues
where citizen input is essential. Your name will remain
confidential. If the Forest Service knows there is broad
support in the community, they will be more likely to
act in the broad public interests, rather than special
interests. Only through citizen action, with the help of
experts in OUf community, can we lobby for meaningful change in forest management.
YES! I'd like to help support the
Logan Canyon Education Campaign
"The last word ir/ ignorance is the person who says
of an on;mal "what good;s it ?" if the land mechanism as a whole ;s good, then every part is good,
whether we understand it or not ... who but a fool
would discard seemingly lIseless parts? To keep
every cog and wheel is the first precaution of inte/-
Tour contributions 10 directly to contlnulaa education
proJects lor savlne: Lopn Canyon.
H~IT 's a In ded,,'tJb~
(Ullnbution
Name' __________________
a
Add ress ________________
o
S<rnl _ _ _ rop i ~ of t hi~
newsle tter to rcdistnbutc
City, Stilte, Zip ____________
a
ru t ~ on you r ~mo, 1 Itst
a
r UI me on tt.;, mo iling ItSt for:
ligent tinkering."
a
- Aida Leopold
E-mail _______________
Contribution S ____________
Logan Canyon Education Campaign
P.O. Bt))o; 6001 North Log.In, Utah 84341-6001
BndgerlMldAudubon
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Cad'" Anglers
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C'lIlt'llS for the 1
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Los-m Canyon
I",,*,n Canyon C"ahtiOIl
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.-----------------------------------------------, ~
CANYON VIEWS
Volu.me 2
Citizen fo r the Protection of Logan Canyon
December, 1996
VIEWFROM
THE CHAIR
By LAUREN KEL LER
C PLC continues to broaden its scope in our quest
to protect the beauty and d iversity o f Logan Canyon.
The Winter Recreati on Group. invo lving skiers,
snowmobilers and other agencies, will be meeting
again after a summer break. The first phase of the
road design and construction, specifically the
bridges, will be und er way th is spring. Cattle and
sheep grazing in the Canyon is being studied. The
Scenic Byways are in the final design phase and, of
course, we arc always in need of fund s.
One of our many concerns regarding to Logan
Canyon is the shared ski and snowmobile use of
trai ls and back country. For the past year we have
been working with the Chamber of Comm erce, the
Cache Vall ey Hi gh Markers (a Snowmobi le Club),
and the Forest Servi ce. One of the objectives of thi s
gro up is to submit a proposal to the Forest Service
which would restrict the use of snowmobiles in some
areas. The group is also looking for ways to
Improve trai l etiquette, safety, parking, public
awareness of motori zed restrictions and wilderness
boundari es, and interaction between skiers and
I n this issu,.e...
S HARED USE FOR S KJER S AND
SNOWMOBILERS . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
BRIDGE CONSTR UCTION BEGINS IN
THE S PRING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
VOL UNTEERS ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MEMBER S HIP . ........ . ... • ... . ....
2
2
3
3
snowmobiles. C PLC would al so like· to improve
communication between ski ers and the Forest
Service, so we are hosting a "meet the Forest Service
Ski Day" . On Dec. 26, from 9 am through 12 noon,
we wi ll be at the Tony Grove parking lot with hot
chocolate. The Forest Service will be there, ready to
li sten to any of your ideas and concerns. It is
important that we let them know there are a Jot o f
sk iers in Cache Valley and that there are a lot of
ski ers who use Logan Canyon.
Also, along thi s theme, we would like to
encourage skiers of all levels to keep a ski log for the
winter. We need to know the date, the location, the
length of the ski, number o f people, and any
comments. For example: Jan . 3 - Temple Fo rk - 4
persons - 3hrs. - enj oyed the qui et. Only one person in
the group should record the data. This informati on
will greatly help us in determining where people ski
and when and how to best make recommendation to
the Forest Service abo ut the travel plan . Thi s is very
important infomlat ion so at the end of your ski season
pl ease send us your log.
As we come to the end o f the fi rst year being
members of the CAT (Cooperati ve Advisory Team
Team advising UDOT on road construction and
bridge design) we feel we have chosen the best way
to effect changes in the future construction of the
Canyon. There were certainly fru strating times, and
you may recall reading the article in the paper this last
fall about our unhappiness with specifi c changes in
the bridges design. However, UDOT continues to
make concessions, many as a result of that article.
We feel good about the designs for Burnt and Lower
Twin bridges. We would have liked to have changed
the railing design, but compromises from both sides
were needed . As a result of o ur experiences on the
CAT Team, we are even more aware of how
important it is to have experts on our side. We would
like to thank Palri ca Ho uston for her expertise in
structural engineering and bridge design. Her
"?
�2 CANYON VIEWS
continued contributions wi ll help us in the many
phases ahead.
CPLC plans to take an active role in the comi ng
year in Rangeland Health and the Forest
Management Plan issue.
We have felt very good about our relationship
with the Forest Service and our input into the Scenic
BY'vays Proj ect. I went on many field trips with the
Fo rest Service to visit specifi c sites and di scuss
proposed action. I felt the Forest Service was open
to alternatives and ideas which would upgrade
services and decrease any visual impacts the project
might have on the beauty of the Canyon. The proj ect
will begin this next summer.
As yo u can see, C PLC is involved in many
different and important efforts to protect Logan
Canyon. To stay infonned and involved requires
long hours on the part of many individuals. We have
been fortunate to have people who are willing to
give their time and their expertise to help advance
the purpose of OUI organization. Aside from time
and know ledge, we need money. We need funds to
send out newsletters, pay for legal advice, hold
meetings, and so on. We are a tax exempt
organi zation and have a 50 1 © (3) status. If you
have not renewed your membership, please show
your support for the protection of Logan Canyon and
do so. Any additional contributi ons would be very
much appreciated.
Our focu s on Logan Canyon is specific;
however, the issues related to the Canyon are very
broad. If you have concerns about any aspect of the
Canyon please feel free to let us know.
SHARED USE FOR SKIERS
AND SNOWMOBILERS
BY LAUREN KELLER
With the shortage of snow in the lower
elevations last winter, there was a vyi ng between
skiers and snowmobilers for trail head parking and
trail use. Because of this situation, along with the
potential of opening up trail head parking in the
Temple Fork area through the development of the
Sceni c Byways project, a Winter Recreat ion group
was started. The purpose of the group was to see if
skiers and snowmobilers cou ld put together a
proposal for the Forest SeTVice to amend the current
Travel Plan.
Last October we called for a meeting of interested
ski ers to vo ice their opinion and concerns about the
shared use of Logan Canyon with snowmobil ers. The
feeling from the meeting was that skiers would like
more areas in which to ski without the no ise and
pol lution associated with snowmobiles. Skiers would
also li ke the areas that are off limits to snowmobil es
to be better patrolled.
During the winter, CPLC met with Cache Vall ey
High Markers, the Chamber of Commerce, and the
Forest SeTVice. Some areas of concern were
identified: Solitude for skiers seeking a nonmotorized experience, adequate parking, plowing of
parking areas for skiers, e.g. Wood Camp, vo lunteers
to patrol and disperse informat ion, signs to indi cate
motori zed use restrictions, impacts on wi ld life, and
enforcement of the ex isting travel pl an.
There are two specifi c things you can do to help
us. First, as mentioned eariler, keep a sk i log for thi s
winter. We need to know where you were skiing, the
date, how many hours and any comments you wou ld
li ke to make. Also indi cate what level of skier you
are, beginning, intermediate, advanced . Please make
sure only one person in your group records the data.
Then at the end of your ski season, please send it to
us. The other thing that would be very he lpful is if
you could attend our ski outing with the Forest
Service. We are trying to get skiers of all levels to
come and meet the Rangers in our district and tell
them about your concerns and ideas regarding winter
recreat ion use in Cache Valley. Also j ust come fo r
fun and to bum off any excess holiday treats. The
more ski ers the Forest Service sees are interested in
Logan Canyon the better. Dec 26th, 9 am at Tony
Grove parking area. We will be there through 12
noon, so come anytime.
�3 CANYON VIEWS
BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION
BEGINS IN THE SPRING
BY SHA WN SWANER
It is our relationship with UDOT personnel that
has been the largest factor in our success. UDOT
engineers have responded positively to public input
and recommendation from the CAT Team. There is
still much to be wary concerning to how well the
contractor wi ll follow the guidelines set forth in the
Record of Decision, by the Forest Service and by the
CAT Team, during bridge construction. Cooperati on
and compromise is new for both sides of the tabl e. If
we can work through thi s process with the end result
being sa fe bridges and relatively little di sturbance to
a beautiful canyon, then we wi ll be successful. If we
are not successful, then we will have other options
open to us for the future phases of the road
construction project. It is certainly worth giving the
process a chance.
As March draws closer and the im age of
bu lldozers in Logan Canyon grows increasingly
vivid , I am left wondering ifCPLC has chosen the
right path. Maybe it is not too late to dusl off the
monkey-wrench or chain myse lf to a road grader.
However, on careful consideration, I think CPLC
has chosen the onl y reali stic course of action. By
working with UDOT, we have assisted in the
development of plans that will result in the least
amo unt of environm ental impact and will decrease
the severity of the unavoidable impacts associated
with road construction . To understand how this has
com e about, I must first explain the philosophy
behi nd our approach to UDOT, the result of our
As always we are looking for people who would
work over the last year, and our concerns and
like to help either with the newsletter, sk i and
predictions for the fut ure.
snowmob il e group, our annual meeting and other
In Apri l of 1994, I was privileged to meet wi th
miscellaneous stuff. If you are interested and have
Governor Leavitt and discuss concerns about the
even a couple of hours, let us know, 752-0706.
Canyon project. The intent of the meeting was to
Lauren Keller.
present the Governor with a petition opposing the
Canyon constnlcti on project. The result of that
contact was a meeting with UDOT Admini stration
whi ch took place the followin g month. I met with
We do not send o ut membership renewal notices
a dozen o f UDOT' s senior management and those
as we do not have the fund s or the time. So we are
directly involved with the Logan Canyon Project. At
thi s meeting was laid the groundwork for the co unting on you to renew you membership at thi s
expansion of a working agreement between the US time. We have continued to keep the cost as low as
Forest Service and UDOT which allowed for citi zen possible so that many people are able to receive the
invo lvement in the design process of the Canyon newsletter. In order to cover expenses other than the
project. The result of all of this was the creation of newsletter, we count on additional contributions. We
the CAT (Cooperating Advisory Team) which would do have a tax exempt status with the IRS. We
have input in the design phases of the project. Also appreciate your support.
from this meeting I learned three things of value.
Membership form
First, large scale public involvement can be futil e if
$25 _$50
$10 Member leuel
Other
not properly directed; second, the groundwork was
laid for d irect involvement with UDOT through the Name _________________
CAT Team; and third, it was possible to established Address_ _ _ _ _-,--_ _ _=-___
a non-confrontational relationship with key UDOT City, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ,State_ _Zip, _ _ __
personnel.
Phone_---,..,-,-,,--_ _-,---Yes, 1 would like to uolunteer_ _ _ _ _ __
VOLUNTEERS
MEMBERSHIP
�Citizens for the Protection
of Logan Canyon
P.O. Box 3608
Logan, Ulah 84323 · 3608
Vlrqlnl8 Parter
41S0lJth4lJOEast
Logan Ur 8432 1
BULK RATE
U.S. POSTAGE
PAID
Pennit Ng 39
Logan. Utah
�•
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CITIZENS FOR THE PROTECTION OF LOGAN
CANYO~
NEWSLETTER
Dear "citizens",
Your presence and enthusiasm at Utesday's meeting i s a welcome and encouraging
indication that we can have a major impact on the outcome of the zoning change
meetings. We have put together some suggestions for i mmedi ate action:
PETITIONS
Please take them to your neighborhoods and/ or places of work as soon as possible.
As you will note, we have decided to encompass opposition to both Stump Hollow zoning
chan ge as well as the Right Hand Fork zoning change. Return them by mail ' or hand to
either
Ann Schimpf
Lee Rentz
715 N 3 E
Logan 753-0512
or
459 N 1 E
Logan 753-5076
or bring them to the October 14 meeting of the Cache Planning and Zoning Commission
and deli ver them to Ann. I f you need additi ana1 pet it ion forms or the "Stump Hollow
Development?1I summary sheet, please contact Ann or Lee.
Eighty-one of you signed up to receive a petition. If each obtains 25 signatures,
we will hear 2,026 voices in Cache County. Fifty signatures would add up to 4.052
recommendations! Please do not hesitate to cal l one of us to clear up any confusion
about the issues which may arise.
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
A letter to the Herald Journal is a powerful message which potentially reaches about
10,000 readers--and the paper will print everyone.
Write to them at 75 West 3 North,
Logan. If you have been shy to write on previous issues. now is an excellent and
critical time to break your s ilence.
ATTEND THE CACHE COUNTY PLANNING AND ZONING COMMISSION MEETING ON OCTOBER 14
The decision on zone change requests for Right Hand Fork will be made at that time.
The Stump Hollow decision has been postponed until the November meeting. Watch the
legal notices in the newspaper on Sunday, October 10 to find out the place and time
of the Right Hand Fork discussion.
It will begin sometime between 2pm and 5pm.
The
Citizens for the Protection of Logan Canyon will run ads in the newspaper and spots on
the radio encouraging everyone to attend. We feel that although the structures under
consideration at Right Hand Fork do not present the negative economic and environmental
threat that the Stump Hollow plans do, the precedent of a zoning change is the basic
key which will allow roadside development. Because of this, attendance at the
October meeting is just as important as your presence at the November meeting.
Please speak up at ' the meeting.
We need the strongest impact possible.
WRITE OR CALL YOUR PLANNING & ZONING COMMISSIONERS
Let your feelings be known directly to them before the meeting. If you know any of
them, great, but contact them even if you have never met.
Russ Kearl, chairman
Oon G. Williams
Aaron P. Leishman
Ray Hugie
258 South Main
Logan, UT 84321
Granville E. Barlow
140 West Center
Lewiston, UT 84320
258-2652
10th North 376 East
Smithfield, UT 84335
563-5604
E. Jay Christopherson
585 South Main !
..
Providence, UT 84332
752-5453
319 East 1st North
Box 242
Wellsville, UT 84339 Logan, UT 84321
245-3323
752-2008
Cyrus M. McKell
1336 East 1700 North
North Logan, UT 84321
753-1556
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WRITE OR CALL YOUR COUNTY PLANNER
R ck Johnson
i
179 North Main
Logan, UT 84321
752-8327
WRITE OR CALL YOUR COUNTY COMMISSIONERS
Ma ri on 01 sen
Ted Ka rren
8640 South 200 West
1656 East 1140 North
Logan, UT 84321
752-7834
Paradise. UT
245-3309
Robert Chambers
331 East 50 North
Smithfield, UT
563-6151
POSI TION STATEMENT
The position statement committee met on Thursday night to formalize the statement
to be presented to the Cache County Pl anning and Zon ing Commission on beha lf of the
Citizens to Protect L n Canyon. If you would l ike to read the statement. please
oga
call An n at 753-0512.
ENLIST YOUR FRIENDS
More petitions and nStump H
ollow Development?!! summary sheets may be obta ined from
Ann or Lee. We wi ll be glad to add many more names to the mailing li st.
ADVERTISEMENT
We particularly need to get the word to the smaller towns in Cache Valley.
If you
are willing to post IIStump Hollow Deve l opment" sheets in fa r corners and/or travel
for petit i on s i gni ng , please ca ll (aga in ) An n or Lee to get more materia l s .
NEWSLETTER
Another will be sent as soon as there i s news to share.
YES, WE NEED CONTRI8UTIONS !
We wou l d apprec i ate any dona ti ons you could gi ve to help our public ity effort
(ma iling cos t s . printing cos ts, radio ti me, and Xerox; ng cos t s al l add up! )
ill accept cac h or check
L Re ntz, t he chairperson of the Media Committee, w
ee
donations at:
459 North 1st East
Logan, UT 84321
Make checks payabl e to:
Lee Rentz (C iti zens for the Protecti on of Logan Ca nyon)
STEER ING COMMITTEE
Ann Sc himpf
715 North 3rd East
Logan, Utah
753-0512
Lee Rentz
459 North 1st East
Logan, Utah
753-5076
,, -
Alice Lindahl
48 Mar i ndale
Logan, Utah
753-1248
�•
A PETITION OPPOSING ZONING CHANGES IN LOGAN CANYON
We, as citizens of Cache County. recommend that t he request for a change from zone
designation FR-40 (forest recreation) to pun (planned unit devel opment) at Stump Hollow
be denied. We further recommend that the land at Right Hand Fork in Logan Canyon remain
an FR-40 lone. We feel that these de velopments would i mpose costs on the vast majority
of Cache residents which would greatly outweigh the benefits to a few people .
A f ev/ of t he issues are:
1. The cos t of county services provided for Stump Ho ll ow \'1Qu l d not be met by its own
residents (through ta xes) for 15-20 years, so ta xpayers l'Iou ld have t o bear the burden.
2.
Water and sewage problems at Stump Hollow have not been adequately eva luated and they
pose a threat to the watershed.
3. A zoning change would set a precedent and open the rest of the canyon to development.
4. Cache County residents would lose a very valuable and much loved recreational land
if the canyon is developed for commercial purposes. Fi shermen, snowmobilers, hikers,
hunters, cross - country sk iers, picnickers, touri st s, rock hounds, and photographers
enjoy l ogan Canyon in its present state .
We want to secure these mounta in lands for the futu re .
NAME
STREET ADDRESS
TOWN
PHONE
�•
NAME
•
STREET ADDRESS
TOWN
CITIZENS FOR THE PROTECTTOIl O LOGAN CANYON
F
PHONE
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STUMP HOLLOW
DEVELOPMENT ?
A private owner plans to erect condominiums. cabins, a restaurant. gas station, and
motel on 477 acres in Stump Hol l ow. To do this, he has to get a recommendation for
rezoning from FR-40 (forest recreation) to PUD (planned unit development) from the
Cache County Pl anning and Zoning Commission.
Negative Consequences of the Devel opment
• A possible contamination of downstream waters because of soi l inadequate for
septic tanks .
•
Acc'ording to Pau l Woodbury (Utah Di vis i on of Wildlife Resources). this land i s
now summer range fo r el k. deer, moose, grouse, and snowshoe hare. There woul d
obvious ly be a negat i ve effect upon these and other anima l s on both the private
and surround i ng Forest Service lands.
• Stump Holl ow now prov i des a year-round m x of hikers, snowmobilers, hunte r s, and
i
cross - country skiers with recreational opportunities. The development wou l d make
Stump Hol l ow undes i rab l e fo r these forms of recreation.
• Logan Canyon has remained an excepti ona lly beautiful wild place . The pressures
for urbanization threaten the very natural qualities that the developer uses as
his strongest sel l ing point.
• According to Cache County Planner, Rick Johnson, the county's taxpayers woul d
have to subsidize the developme nt for at l east 15-20 years before taxes from
the project met the ser vi ces rendered.
Right Hand Fork Homes?
Anot her pri vate l andowner wants his land rezoned from FR-40 to allow bui l ding
several cabins and homes near the highway at Right Hand Fork.
Where Will It Stop?
A zon i ng change here . another one there ... Pretty soon, the worl d begi ns .
l ooking the same whet her you ' re i n Los Angel es, Detroit . or Logan Canyon .
Development everywhere . . . merely to make a few bucks . Let ' s not all ow
these proposed devel opments t o set a precedent for others. Keep Logan
Canyon green!
What You Can Do!
Sign the pet i tion !
Write a l etter to the ed i tor:
The Hera l d Journal
75 West 3rd Nor t h
Logan , Utah 84321
Write a letter of protest to the county planner :
Rick Johnson
Cache County Pl anner
179 North Main
Logan, Utah 84321
Attend the critica l publ i c hearings when they
come up.
for the Protection . of
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".
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C'J7Cf.:< 76J..~~r
THE
1
LOGAN
CANYON
BULLETIN
CITIZENS FOR THE PROTECTION OF LOGAN CANYON
JANUARY 1991
The Question of Logan Canyon
... is not as big as acid rain, or ozone depletion, to be sure-but it
might be an indicator. It can tell us how sincere we are, and how
thorough, in our '90s leaning toward the land. Here is a deep .
beautiful and winding canyon. gradually shallowing as it ascends
into an open country of high meadows and ridge-top forests. For
decades now this canyon has held a fairly mooest two-lane road
that winds eastward from Logan with the lay of the land.
eventually crests a 78oo-fool summit of the Wasatch Range, and
then drops swiftly in switchbacks to Bear Lake. The whole forty
miles, in any season, is a treat to the eye, because this is one of the
few Wasatch Front river canyons where the road has not become
the dominant feature of the landscape.
It still looks like respected country .
-- Tom Lyon
Logan Canyon: Here and Now
For the last thirty years there has been a drive to punch a wider,
straighter, faster highway through Logan Canyon. In 1961 , five miles of
the lower canyon were "improved"; in 1968, six more-up to the Right
Hand Fork. But then came the National Environmental Policy Act
(NEPA) in 1970, and the road straighteners no longer ha ve a perfectly
free hand. Now they have to justify their plans, and di scuss alternatives,
and now we too have a say in what happens.
Under the requirements of NEPA, the Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) has been researching the environmental impacts of different
construction plans. After several years and the expenditure of over three
quarters of a million dollars, they've come up with a draft study that
doesn't specify a "preferred alternative." Unfortunately, their study, in the
view of many, has been marked by slipshod procedures, insufficient data,
and lack of consideration for the environment.
Now it is up to those of us who care about the beauty and intactness of
Logan Canyon to come forward and make a stand. Citizens for the
Protection of Logan Canyon have made their own study of the canyon
and have prepared the Conservationists' Alternative, which is incl uded in
the Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS).
We urge you to give the Conservationists' Alternative your careful
examination, to write a letter, and to make a statement at the public
meeting on the DEIS. You can make a difference!
�The Conservationists' Alternative
The goal of this alternative is a highway that fits into Logan Canyon with
minimal ecological disturbance and maximum safety, rather than a hi ghway
that moves the greatest number of people through the canyon at the highest
rale of speed. The Conservationists' Alternative meets this goal , but it is not a
do-nothing al ternative. Current roadway width and alignment wou ld be
maintained throughout the canyon. with the following exceptions:
Bridges and culverts re placed and widened to 28 feet, with all but
Lower Twin Bridges kept on the existing alignment.
• Turning lanes constructed at Tony Grove Recreation Area and Beaver
Mountain Ski Area.
• Climbing lanes constructed above Red Banks Campground, below the
state sheds, and in the Sinks area, but not at the Dugway.
• Increased traffic law enforcement.
• Slow vehicle turnouts and multipurpose parking constructed at several
locations.
• Roadbed raised near Logan Cave and in several other locations to avoid
spring fl ooding.
WE URGE YOU TO SUPPORT THIS ALTERNATIVE
What Can You Do to Help Protect Logan Canyon?
Support the Conservationists' Alternative.
Write a letter expressing your concerns.
Speak out at the public meetiog in Logan.
Writing a Letter is as Easy as One, Two, Three
First: Introduce yourself. Mention why you are concerned about Logan Canyon and
experiences you have had there.
Second: Support the Conservationists' Alternative. Also point out problems in the
DEIS. You can refer to the above lists for details, or write to us for more
infonnation.
Third: Put your return address on the lener, sign it, and date it.
Send your letter to :
James Naegle
Utah Dept. of Transportation
4501 South 2700 West
Salt Lake City, Utah 84 11 9
To get a copy of the DEIS, call:
James Naegle
(80 I) 965-4 160
Letters must be mailed by February 1, 1991.
Letter-writing workshops will be held at A Book Store, 130 North 100 East, Logan
7:00 p.m., on Thursday, Jamlary 3; Monday, January 7; and Thursday, January 10.
Despite what some say, the road builders do "count votes." So speak out!
�Other Alternatives Considered in the DEIS
After careful study, Citizens for the Protection of Logan Canyon concluded that
these alternatives would compromise safery, destroy the canyon's un ique
e nvironment, or both. These alternatives include:
• "Standard Arterial" - The widest. straightest. highest- speed alternative.
With wide shoulders and "recovery areas" adjacent to the road. well over twice as
much land wou ld be disturbed as at present. Large cuts would scar hillsides. and
the road would intrude into the river.
• "Mod ified Standa rd " - Identical to the Standard Arterial, except the roadway width would be somewhat less in the narrow and scenic middle section of
Logan Canyon. There would be fewer cuts than under the Standard Arterial .
• " Composite Alte rn ati ve l1 - A combination of the Standard and Mexlified
Alternatives. It is a late addition to the list of alternatives and retain s many severe
environ mental impacts, such as a climbing lane at the Dugway. It would also have
more adverse effec ts on streams in the upper pan of the canyon.
• "S pot Improvement" - Road width would not c hange; however, hillsides
would be cut to straighten curves, and climbing and turning lanes would be built
in environmentally sensitive areas.
• " No Action " - NEPA requires agencies to consider this alternative in a
DE IS. There are legitimate construction needs in Logan Canyon. however, so
conservationi sts have not supponed this alternative.
Shaded area shows one of the
highway cuts proposed under
several of the alternatives.
Unfortunately, these alterna ti ves and the DEIS itselr have some serious flaws, incl udin g:
• Disturbance of the river and loss of riparian habitats are not adequately addressed.
• Impacts on wildlife, especially fish. nongame species, and the threatened Maguire's Primrose, are weakly treated.
• Disposal of rubble. many thousands of cubic yards under some alternatives, is ignored .
• Greater accident frequency or severity is possible with increased speeds under some al tern atives; this
possibility is not addressed.
• Site-specific impacts are addressed vaguely; mitigation is put off until the "design ph ase" which is some
unspecified time in the future.
• Worst-case traffic projections are used to justify major modifications to the highway . yet Logan Canyon is
often only lightly travelled.
• The safety record for Logan Canyon is not compared with similar mountain road s; yet safety is a major
concern and is the rationale for some construction.
• Logan Canyon is nationally renowned fo r its scenery, and has been designated a Scenic Byway, yet th is
prominence is not di scussed.
Logan Canyon Cannot Speak for Itself
But you can speak for Logan Canyon.
A public hea ring on Logan Canyon is scheduled for T uesday, J anua ry IS, 1991. at the
Mt. Loga n Middle School Auditorium, 875 N. 200 East, Logan .
If you pla n to speak, you will need to a rri ve ea rly to sign up ir required.
The points that apply to letter writing also apply to your spoken comment. It is likely that
thetime allotted to each speaker will be about fiv e minutes. so plea se prepare your
comments accordingly. If you can both speak at the hearin g and write a lener. do both.
Even ir you do not pla n to spea k, please attend the hea ring to show your sup po rt fo r
Logan Canyon.
Printed on recycled paper
Photos by Scott T. Smith
�11
Improvement makes strai ght roads; but the crooked roads, without improvement, are roads or genius."
•. William Blake
LOGAN CANYON is at risk. LOGAN CANYON needs you .
..... '-
.,
P.O. 80. 3501
Logan, Ulah 84321
\
�I
•
LOGAN
CANYON
NEWSLETTER
November 8 , 1976
UPDATE :
NO l'IElI
\'Ie etil l
Citizens for the Protection
of Logan. Canyon
NE~'IS
dol'] 1 t know ...:hen the Plenn inA;
Z. CPLC lIoiJ:;ETIilG
CPLC held a meeting on I;ov. 4 to discus:;
plans tor the future o f our group.
~.
- '
C
WE PAsS {\
CPIJC
V
ol. I. No.3
...,-............-:-
ON STUMP HCLLQ\"
and Zonin g Com ~lssi o n will be asked to make
a dec ie1o~ on th i s im~ortont · 1ssue. Unfortunately , we may not have t hat information un til one week b~rore the P ~ Z
meeting it self . night Hand Fork zonin R
-- requea t - ~e in the 8a~e cnte~ory.
NOV.
.
The
followin g ~ene r al plan s of action ra .;ulte d :
_ 1. ' Fini.sh off the petition drive with
• Durst- of activity next- week:~nd (Hov, 13),
~'
have 2,100 a1gnaturea, ~d-..)uI~bl_.
th a t nu~ b cr ,
In e n effort to re a c h t h j ~
~o~l , CPLC members will man Ret1tion
booths 8 t ma ny 3i t ea around tb,, ' valley .
on S l;\t llrd ~y . No·r . 1 3 . U.S . U. will host
<l booth from Nev. 10 until 12th.
You
can help by collecting all thane petiti ons
yo u ha ve posted and by pre senting' the
i s ~u~ to-you-r---rt~~h-bo-p.hee Ii 1 r youo-l.~.~,,~.it-----I
no t already cfo ne s o. t;ven if your sheeta
h a'l,,' e only a f#!w n tl !'!l .l!'"SOn t ?!.efft--let t hem
be counted I
~
E!..ECTl orr RESULTS
The Nov, 2 election t" esu l t~ l",ere h o t.h
positive en d ne ltrt tive in t heir pot'ential
Petition s will be due in b y Mo nday, Nov. 1 5 . effects on CPLC ~oals . Bo'b Char.fb'J r s .....6%1-
,
2. Hold onto petition s ignature s until
the actual ? & Z m
eetin g and Commission
meeting ar e h eld.
,. Have ~ doo r-to-do or s~~atur~ campllip:n wh en we kn ow for nu re the actual date
of the relev 3nt P & Z me r. tin~ . Th is, hope tully, wil l ale r t re~~den ts e~ain ,
4. Turn jn cu r :; i r;n e d r.o :;it ion ntlltp. ment t o t he t;;Jche COlllmis r. ionl'!t"n on l'lbout
November 15.
5. Nin l'! CPLC ~embe r a volunte l'!.p. rl t o
serve aD a pe rmanent Itovernin" bo;,,;r d.
l'hc y
wil~ ensur~ th."t tht'! structure and proll;::-e85
of CPLC wi l l no t be lo s t if we hBve 9 lon~
wait for the " s t ump Holl ow" r:teetinl';.
t~ } 4- ye ~r Cnche C o mm i s~ion pos t,
vo tes.
7h is is
stronp;e a t
~o~d-~he
~ tllte~ le nt
against de velopmen 't
by 429
h as ma de the
of any candida t "
in Logan Canyon,
.1' . HOy f" heurer won the 2- year poet ae
eOMmiasionot-r---+b,v'}. al3 voter.) .-- Ria po~\ ition hn ~.; b~l'!n o n(> of non - c:>mmitt. l on
;
Sturn,!) lIol 1ow. It i G d i ff icult to say
how ~r. l' i'I~~.Hd--l. e-l\-n. --!m- t·h~1-" ... ue .
Our I :rl~ ..' tr.'it cl('ct i ~' n lor'1~ ' \.11\ [ : ; ;" rl' , ~' O:::! , I
dcfe"t • . lIe \" ''''0 '-I1 11in,.; to i ntl'o;iU <: f)
l e p;islation which would allow p',H'c h ass ot
the l.;:r.d. It would ha7.e 'bsen ad.:i6 d . tl'•.a-n,
to Cache Natio nal Fore~t.
STUJ.IPER- STICXERS
FINAL PETITICN DRIVE
Plea5e turn in your peti.ttons t o Lee or
Ann by Uovembcr 15, Hondar_ H!.~ht now we
,
,.
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avniVtble a t Mount ai n ~!an on North Main
~ n d at the Harmoniou s Living Cen t e r at
. U.S.U. for 501l .
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753-1248
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753-1476
La:-ry E. Ny~ 245- 3010
\ol~ndy H. Pal o..... 563-3488
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753- J 2!. S
'Lee Rentz
753-5076
SI U
KPER
'JTUMP Il JU.O\l VROG.RESS REPORT
!
A no tice a ppeared i n cAe Herald Jerurl"l ul
No vember] saying t h e re "Will !H! .a pr(\e;n:~H
r cpor t (HI Stump ll ollo',J and Rtght Na.n;d l'-t'ri<:.
at tj,e N';'QWIlbe r 11 m ~eti ns o ( t he P & z.
-:.omrr..t s ~I'J:l (at 41:00 [I -m .) .
hccordin.s t(l RId,
Jchn'~o!l . Cou n ty Phl.nne r _ he ;.:Hl h'il p.r-t!£oet,tircg
t il l! ~ ol'r E: :Jponden ce he ha s [" ec cis~d f:-co;ll die
de.,Felopcrs concern ing tli'ese- lWO propos. ·ts
pl~s a l l relevant. ncwspaper S I.'!;
app e ar~d.,
Lee Rent.z w~U
meet:ing ,'
fee l
<
�,
\
-If
Turn In ;:>et ltl ons by Monday. tlover.lber 15
*
\;C!Y ;..h : he news med i a fo:", new cleve lcrments
.-----,
BULK RAT-E
J ~'
DGERlAtID AUDU60N SOC ! ElY
~ Ov Box 3501
{ ~c·~n . IJT 84321
postage
I
'.:J
LOCI·.11 c~
PERK IT #
~lerrl.ll
L1 brar7
Learning
Resow:<:ea P:rograa
utah Stat. Univ. UMC :JO
LoG"J! . l1I' 84322
l
1
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Par d
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;
"
.
�Logan Canyon at Risk
The time has come to speak
out for the preservation of
Logan Canyon and Logan
River.
Two public seoping hearings
concerning the future of U.S.
Highway 89 through Logan
Canyon will be held locally in
early March. The first hearing
is set for Mar ch 3 at 7 p.m. in
the Mountain Fuel Supply
Building in Logan. The second
hearing will be held March 4 at
7 p.m. at the City Hall in
Garden City, Utah.
The hearings are required by
federal Jaw
as part of the
process being undertaken by
the Utah
Department of
Transporation (UDOT) and the
Denver-based
engineering
consuhanls, CR2M Hill. to
prepare an Environmental
Impact Statement (EIS ) th at
could recommend a larger and
faster highway through Log an
Canyon.
Developing
a
list
of
alternatives for the Logan Canyon highway is integral to the
EIS process . The final list of
alternatives will not be com·
piled until after receiving public
comment, which includes the
comments given at the scoping
hearings.
"It's Important that people
who love Logan Canyon for its
scenic beauty and recreational
opportunities attend these meet·
ings and speak out, " said Jack
Spence, a longtime northern
Utah conservationist.
"Without lots of comments
from concerned citizens, the
highway engineers will build
without regard to the area's
natural environment," Spence
said.
Study cost over
$500,000
The current highway scoping
hearings are a pa rt of CH2M
Hill's $500,000 study contract
with UDOT. The contract reo
quires t he engineering firm to
develop a transportation plan
for Logan Canyon 's highw ay
through the year 2010.
Previous studies have been
undertaken to explore major
highway construction in Logan
Canyon. The most recent study
ended in 1980 after local citizens
expressed their concern for the
canyon.
Another highway study in 1971
met a similar fate .
"Local residents should at·
tend the hearings to explain
Scoping Hearin g Schedule
Logan
March 3
7 p.m.
Mountain Fuel Supply Co. Auditorium,
45 E. 200 North.
Garden City March 4
Garden City Hall.
7 p.m.
Persons planning to speak at the hearing
will be asked to register as they enter the
building. Before public comments are taken,
UDOT and CH2M Hill will make a brief
presentation. Comm ents will be heard before
discussion is opened .
For persons unable to attend the hearing,
written comments will be accepted by April
6, 1987 at :
Mr. Clifford Forsgren , Project Manager
CH2M Hill/ Salt Lake City OUice
P .O. Box 2218
Salt Lake City, Utah 84101
phone : (801) 363-{l2QO
how they enjoy Logan Canyon
as it is today," said Rudy
Lukez, chair of the Sierra
Club's Cache Group.
"We do not want to sacrifice
Logan Canyon so that a few
people can travel from Logan to
Bear Lake a few minutes
faster," Lukez said.
One of Logan Canyon's most
scenic and fragile sections is
from Right Hand Fork to Ricks
Spring (see map page 3). This
See Risk on page 2.
Memories travel the can yon
By C. L. Rawlin s
This much is certain : They were married the 28th of
June, 1911, and left Logan for a honeymoon at Bear
Lake. He drove the team and ~he probably indulged in
raptures over the canyon greenery and imposing
limestone walls. She may have slapped, daintly, at a
mosquito as they passed into the brief, cool shadow of
cottonwoods.
My grandfather would have pointed out the smokemarked overhang where teamsters hauling stone for the
Temple camped a generation before. The road left the
main canyon where it narrowed and climbed the Right
Fork to Willow Canyon. Alter descending the Temple
Fork , they stopped - as we always did on later trips at Ricks Springs for a brillia ntly cold cupful, which
Grandfather would have fetched with self·concious
courtliness.
Where they camped, I don' t know ; a meadow would
be chosen, with grazing for the team and a level
sleeping spot within the sound of water. Journeys then ,
when the desirability of automobiles was still hotly
debated, were often reckoned not in miles , but in nights
CITIZENS FOR THE
PROTECTION OF LOGAN CANYON
P.O. Box 3580
l oga n. Utah 8432 1
(801l1152-9 102 ,S6H9OfI (e l
SCOff T. Sm ittl
Winter solitude in Logan Canyon
spent out, under the sky.
The hill-and-meadowscapes below Beaver Mountain
were green then as now , with balsamroot and mule·ear
daisies yellowing the slopes. Past the mountain, the
road followed - and still follows for those with patience
- Beaver Creek In a gradual climb north to the summit.
Roads showed the sensitivity to slope and contour that
comes when bodies - horse or human - do the work of
traveling. Huge cuts and fills were too costly in those
sa me terms .
Alter frequent halts to rest the horses, they reached
the summit : occasion for a picnic and savoring the
hard·won view . The descent to St. Charles is steep and
my grandfather cam e from a family having much to do
with wagons; he checked the brake before laking the
grade.
The return took them a good. two days. Retelling, my
grandmother never complained of the heat, dust, jolts,
or slow pace. That there was a road at all seemed
sufficient miracle. The canyon , she often said, had
never been more beautiful.
C.L. Rawlins wr ites, T
eaches wr l T iJ and wor ks on field stUdies of acid
ln'
deposlt1on In The Win d River Ran ge i n Wvom i ng.
Bulk Rate-
U.S. Postage
PAI D
Logan, Utah
Perm it No. 104
�2 CITIZENS FOR TIlE PROTECT1ON OF LOGAN CANYON _ rEDURARY 1987
CITIZENS
FOR THE
PROTECTION
OF
LOGAN
CANYON
On March 3 and 4, you will have the opportunity to
present your views on Logan Canyon and its highway .
Citizens for the Protection of Logan Canyon have
prepared the following list of recommendations for the
study . We urge you to attend the March scoping
meeting and support CPLC's position.
_ Protection of Logan Canyon's scenic beauty, fish
and wildlife habitat, rare plants, recreation sites and
naturalness must be a prime concern.
_ An Environmentlllmpad Statement (EIS ) must
be prepared for any significant road modification
proposals to protect Logan Canyon's natural surroun·
dings from haphazard modifications .
- Travel speeds between Right Hand Fork and
Rick's Spring should remain as currently posted . This
area is very scenic and too sensitive to permit any
significant roadway modifications.
- Bridges which cannot meet structural safety
requirements should be replaced when possible. These
bridges should be two lanes wide only. Minor
alterations to bridge approaches would be acceptable.
- Turning lines at Tony Grove Recreation Area
and Beaver Mountain Ski Area may be constructed to
The Logan Canyon Bulletin is published by Citizens for the Protection of Logan Canyon - a citizens
group of volunteers and non-profit organizations working toward long-term protection of Loga n
Canyon's scenic beauty, fish and wildlife habitat, recreational opportunities and naturalness .
The Jardine Juniper is CPLC's symbol. Located high above Wood Camp recreation area, this ancient
and beautiful tree represents Logan Canyon's recreational diversity and unsurpassed scenery.
Every few years, the utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) begins a study of Logan Canyon's
highway, U.S. 89. The last study in 1979 and 1980 was left uncompleted after highway expansion
proponents found strong local opposition to proposed roadway modifications. Since June, 1986, UDOT
and Denver-based engineering consultants, CH2M Hill, have been spending over $500,000 to prepare yet
another analysis of the roadway.
Perhaps one of the Rocky Mountain's most scenic roadways, Logan Canyon's highway provides many
people with access to numerous U.S. Forest Service campgrounds and picnic areas, fishing sites , and
snowmobiling and skiing trailheads. Throughout the four seasons, a visitor to Logan Canyon can find
beauty through these many recreational opportunities or simply by taking the drive from Logan to
Bear Lake .
The new UDOT study is moving toward the preparation of an Environmental Impact Statement
(EIS) and this could be the first step toward major alterations in the Canyon . Before an EIS is
prepared, public scoping meetings must be held and citizens must be given a chance to present either
written or oral testimony on the study areas .
facilitate turning traffic .
_ Parklng areas should be built near Temple Fork
Road and Cottonwood Canyon (near Logan Cave) to
improve traffic flow and safety.
_ Additional warning signs should be placed along
the highway telling motorists about bicycle traffic,
pulloffs and pedestrian travel.
_ The road should be resurfaced and restriped
where required. This will improve through traffic
travel and nighttime safety throughout Logan Canyon.
_ No cUmbing (passing) lane should be built at the
Dugway (between Lower and Upper Twin ~ridges) . A
dim bing lane would affeel a very scemc area hy
requiring major cut and fill operations with unsighUy
retaining walls.
_ No rold modifications should alter the Logan
River's watercourse since the river is a major
recreational resource. Alterations could destroy im·
portant streambanks.
_ No new roads or major changes to the existing
road should be constructed from the Bear Lake
Summit to the Bear Lake Overlook. This highway
section is in a very popular and scenic recreation
area .
ation sites, the U.S. Forest
Service decided in the 1984
Wasatch·Cache National Forest
Continued. from page 1
Plan to "mana~e Logan Canyon
section contains important fish as a scenic highway." Forest
and wildlife habitat along with plans are approved and implemented only after a lengthy
spectacular cliff formations.
" Modifications to the highway public review process.
- even with simple widening could have disastrous effects on
the river's fish population,"
said Bill Helm, a fisheries and
wildlife professor at Utah State
University.
Logan Canyon provides ac" The Logan River is very
unique since it is a Class II cess to many Forest Service
waterway," Helm said. "This recreational sites. More than 30
means that trout can easily campgrounds and picnic sites
grow to large sizes and exist in are located along the roadway.
Most of the road is located
large populations.
along Forest Service property
" But, the river is fragile and
could easily be damaged, " in the Wasatch-Cache National
Helm said. " You just cannot Forest.
"If sections of the canyon are
mitigate everything ."
widened to permit increased
traffic speeds and wider turns,
then some of the forest's cam·
ping and picniC sites could
become less enjoyable," said
Bruce Pendery, chair of the
In addition to taking traffic Bridgerland Audubon Society's
counts and predicting future Conservation Committee.
traffic volumes, the current
To help promote long-term
study includes a scenery in- protection for Logan Canyon's
ventory of Logan Canyon. The scenery, fish and wildlife
study was completed by the habitat, and recreational opWasatch-Cache National Forest portunities, Citizens for the
Service's landscape architect, Protection of Logan Canyon
(CPLC) has been reorganized.
Clark Ostergard.
Ostergard's study shows that CPLC was instrumental in
sections of Logan Canyon, stopping
major
highway
particularly from the Right modifications in 1919-1980.
"CPLC's purpose is to proBand Fork to Ricks Springs,
cannot have si~nificant road vide a common base for aU
modifications Without damag- Individuals and organizations
ing irreplaceable scenic views .
who care about Logan Canyon's
Because of Logan Canyon's future ," said Pendery.
"CPLC supports a variety of
beauty and its popular recre-
Risk
Recrea ti on
Sites
Canyon
very scen ic
small
projects
for
the
highway, "
Pendery
said.
"These include several road
modifications, such as turning
lanes, replacement of unsafe
bridges and several new parking areas."
Perhaps CPLC's most interesting proposal involves designation of Logan Canyon as a
National Scenic Highway .
"While
National
Scenic
Highway designation does not
guarantee absolute long-term
protection of Logan Canyon, it
would increase the public's
awareness that we have a
national treasure in our
backyard," Lukez said.
DeSignation of U.S. 89 through
Logan Canyon as a National
Scenic Highway would require
action by the U.S. Congress.
Cit izens urged
to partiCipate
The March 3 and 4 hearings
will be the best chance for local
citizens to inOuence the
highway'S design .
"And without the voices of
those who love the canyon for
what it is today," Lukez said,
" those who want a larger
highway Soon may have their
way."
If people cannot attend or
speak at a hearing, written
comments will be accepted unW
April 6. Comments should be
sent to Mr. Clifford Forsgren,
Project
Engineer"
CH2M
Hill/ SaIt Lake City Office, P.O.
Box 2218, Salt Lake City, Utah
84101.
- Congress should designate Logan Canyon
Highway as Utah's first National Scenic Highway.
This designation would recognize Logan Canyon as a
scenic and recreational jewel similar to other
attractions in our National Park System.
- Logan River above Third Dam should be
considered for National Recreation al River
designation under the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act.
This federal designation will protect the river's quality
for all future generations.
For more information, please write to Citizens fo r
the Protection of Logan Canyon, P .O. Box 3580, Logan,
utah 84321. Phone 801/152-9102 or 563-6908 (evenings) .
Funding for the Logan Canyon Bulletin is provided by
numerous individuals in northern Utah. We welcome
your support.
Contributor's to TM L.ogan Canyon BulleTin InclUde northern Utllh
residents Steve Flint, Rudy L.ukez, Bill Hel m, Jllck Spence, Bruce
Pendery-, C.L.. Rlwllns, Tom L.yon, Dllne Browning, Dennis Will Ind
Seon T. Smlltt (photogrlphy ), Jlne O' Keefe (Irtwork, copyr ig hted )
Ind John ReeVH (clrtography).
Traffic data weak
By Steve Flint
Highway modifications often are justified by using estimates
of future traffic patterns based on past traffic trends. However.
when Duduating gas prices and changing travel patterns are
considered, traffic flow predictions can be an uncertain
adventure at best.
The Utah Department of Transportation (uDOT) and
engineering consultants, CH2M Hill, are using past traffic
trends for Logan Canyon predictions. This information does not
establish reliable traffic trends for the canyon.
Even the consultants are not completely confident about the
available traffic data . In a draft technical report, CB2M Hill
reports:
"Data point scatter and (the) short period of record make(s)
it difficult to forecast future (traffic) volumes with any degree
of confidence."
If traffic data is reviewed on an annual basis, there is no
suggestion of an increase in traffic through the canyon. Over the
past 13 years, the annual traffic Dow has fluctuated a bit from
year to year without any pattern of increase.
However, summer traffic during June, July and August shows
a different pattern. There is more traffic in the canyon during
these months and, for the past few years, traffic has been
increasing slightly during these three summer months. Based on
past trends of traffic and population change, the most
substantial prediction of summer traHic growth is 1.95 percent
per year.
The presumed need for major highway modifications is driven
by this projected increase .
During past studies, UDOT has greaUy oVerestimated future
traffic predictions. A review of the 1971 and 1979 Logan Canyon
highway studies shows that UDOT's official predictions for 1985
traffic rates were 30 to 55 percent above what eventua lly
occurred.
The current UDOT /CH2M Hill Logan Canyon Study is using an
exponential model to predict future traffic patterns. This model
soUers from the same mistakes made in previous studies when
summer traffic was analyzed .
A more realistic model uses linear growth that predicts a
smaller increase in summer traffic. This means that acceptable
traffic now levels without major highway modifications are
possible in the year 2010.
Sleye Fllnl Is II member of 1M Brldgerland Audubon SocieTy's Cons.enlllT
lon
Commllll!@. Hetin beenreviewlngUDOT 's Tralf1cdlllslnceJuIY1 9116.
�FEBRUARY 191r7 -
Accident data incomplete
By Jack Spence
Safety is important for
everyone who travels on a
roadway . For any highway.
safety involves two major
Issues - accident rates and
accident severity.
Yet, accurate accident rates
in Logan Canyon cannot be
determined because both the
Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) and consultants.
CH2M Hill. have refused to
complete
any
comparative
studies.
This is hard to understand
because with its mountainous
terrain
Utah
has
many
highways comparable to U.S.
89, which runs through Logan
Canyon. A comparison of accident rates and severity levels in
Logan Canyon with data from
Ogden,
Little
Cottonwood,
Provo and Spanish Fork canyons would make sense.
~ITIZENS
FOR TIlE PR0TECl10N OF LOCiAN CANYON 3
Logan Canyon Accident Survey
T,,"of Accident
Speeding a Problem .
The collected Utah Highway
Patrol information (see box)
shows that most accidents are
caused by going too fast.
And, because of increased
speeds, major road improve-
ments could increase some ac-
cident rates.
Safety Studied Twice
During the study of accidents
in Logan Canyon, two different
reviews were completed.
First. using data collected by
UDOT from 1980 to 1985,
engineering consultants CH2M
Hill concluded that four of 13
highway sections had accident
rates higher than the standard
safety guidelines.
However, these conclusions
were challenged when errors
were found in UDOT's rates.
When corrected data could not
be produced, CH2M Hill decided
to use another safety com pari-
son method.
The second method divided
Car runs off ttIe ro.td
56% Driver speeding
46%
Car hits an animal
Logan Canyon into one-tenth1N Other Improper driving
25"
Head·on comslon
12% Driver not looking
23"mile sections. CH2M Hill then
Hit car In Intersection
.,. Road snow· or la· covered 23'J(,
found that 16 of the 374. onRear'end another car
~ Driving under the Influence 10%
e-tenth-mile sections had acci2% Driving left of center line ' "
0 ....'
dent counts higher than the
Driver asleep or III
'"
highway's average.
Vehicle defective
4%
Even though 16 sections had
Note : The total "cause of accld~ts" is greater than 100 percent
higher than average counts,
bKause a single acci~nt could have multiple causes.
none of these sections were
greatly In excess of many of the • Source : Utah Highway Patrol accident reports, 1980· 1985. _ _ _ _,.,jl
value. in addition, the average
___________________
remaining 358 sections have a
3) Lower speeds on tight in a serious accident in Logan
low number of accidents.
corners, especially near ice and Canyon are small at any time.
Since there is an absence of
animal hazards
Safety Alternatives
4) Improved highway sur- valid supporting data , safety
Even though road construc- faces and brighter roadway cannot be used to justify major
tion is usually considered the striping
highway modifications.
best way to improve highway
5) Improved road crowns to
safety , other alternatives do increase water runoffs from the
exist.
highway
J ac k SpenCt , a wt ll·known constrv.·
These include :
lion IS! in norlnern Utah, nel ptd organ ll t
1) Better speed enforcement
an d ltad CP LC In 1919. Ht has rtll ltwtd
Chances Are Small
UOOT 's Logan C,!"! von safe lv dal, si nct
by the UHP
2) Better advisory signing
The chances of being involved Julv, 1986.
Fishing threatened
By Bill Helm
AS it flows through Logan Canyon , the Logan River provides many
opportunities for recreation in a natural and scenic setting. A
popular four-season activity along Logan River is fishing .
The river is one of only a few Class II trout stream s in Utah . Class
II trout streams provide good fish habitat. This lets trout grow
quickly to a large size.
Road construction activities in Logan Canyon already have
damaged the river's fish habitats . Channel straightening and
elimination of streambank vegetation have decreased the number of
trout from 50 to 90 percent in some locations.
Class U Defined
To be ranked a Class II trout strum in Utah, a waterway must
have many slow and quiet resting and hiding areas with adequate
plant cover . This lets fish rest while being shielded from potential
enemies. Feeding areas must be nearby with moderate flowing
water.
Class II waterways also require spawning habitats with
medium-sized gravel bottoms in an area of moderate river currenL
The bottom must be stable with little or no silt.
.
",.
Changes Could Hurt Trout
Major changes to Logan Canyon's highway could damage the
Class II fisheries . If the river is straightened , water speeds could
increase beyond tolerable levels for trout. Placing fill on a
streambank ' or removing streamside vegetation would eliminate
resting and hiding cover. Streamside trees, shrubs, and grass
provide food for insects. which trout eat, as well as providing hiding
cover fo r trout.
Streamside vegetation is valuable for many other reasons as well.
It slows overland water runoff while trapping silt. This keeps the
river clean for increased and healthier trout populations.
Streamside vegetation also screens anglers [rom the highway
while providing a wilder and more natural outdoor experience . This
vegetation allows passing sights and sounds to be muted or even
eliminated .
While important for fish and fishermen alike, streamside
vegetation provides habitat for birds and mammals who live along
rivers. It also anchors streambanks. This minimizes bank erosion
and stream bed shifting.
LOGA N
CANYON
HIGHWAY
m,,,,
STUDY
Changes Add Up
" T.
"LitUe" changes throughout the river soon add up to one "big"
change. Minor modifications between Logan Canyon's highway and
the river could invariably damage the entire Class n trout fishery .
l oeAN
.'"
.'
Bill Helm Is a proltsSOt' 01 IiSh t r its a ll(! wil dllft at Ut,h Sla tt Un illersitv. Ht hn
<Kl illtly supporttd pr oted ion 01 Loga n Ca nvon a ll(! its r illtr lor ma!"!y vtars .
�4 CITIZENS fOR 11-IE PROTEcnON OF l.OO AN CANYON _ FEBURARY 1987
Logan Canyon
By Tom Lyon
The significance of the Logan
Canyon struggle, as I see it, is
that it means we are waking up
to some implications of the 20th
century. Now that is a pretty
tall order for a controversy over
a highway . But it was nol so
long ago (1968, to be precise )
that a six-mile section of the
canyon was reamed and dynamited for what is called
highway improvements - that
was the section from Dewitt
Springs to Right Hand Fork with almost no oPPOsition. In
1961, the lower section was
similarly manhandled for the
same reason, with even less
comment. Now we are waking
up, and we are taking a stand
that has some powerful implications.
We are, I think, starting to
see Logan Canyon for what it
actually is. We are seeing it, in
its beauty and naturalness, as a
place to be in, not go through.
This is a significant change,
amounting possibly to the
beginning of a whole different
orientation. As Americans, we
have always been going somewhere else, always looking over
the shoulder of what is around
us, never quite being where we
are. Now we seem to be settling
in, some percentage of us ,
getting ready to live in place.
The world is filling up fast, and
perhaps finally we are seeing
the well-known handwriting on
the wall. We ought to - it is all
in capital letters.
The beauty is that in staying
put for a while, we can begin to
fee l the inward sense of place,
so that for example the way the
sun hits the Wellsvilles on
winter mornings, of the way the
Logan River looks and sounds,
charging down the canyon in
spring, becomes an unspoken
part of consciousness and nol
just views. The allegia nce is
natural, literally natural. Suddenly it seems perfectly absurd,
something out of a different
world, to cut and fill Logan
Canyon so that tra vellers between Los Angeles and Yellowstone (or between somewhere else and somewhere else,
hut always travellers ) can save
possibly two minutes of driving
time.
That different world is where
the money and speed are. It is
where " what's happening" is
happening . It is that world that
sends the three-piece suit
brigade to Logan, Utah, all the
way fro m Seattle or Denver or
even New York to testify
against wilderness for Mount
Naomi, and that has cut and
scraped. the hills by Bear Lake
and put second homes sticking
up everywhere, and that makes
each one of us, possibly, wonder
at some time if it wouldn't be
nice to have a passing lane on
the Dugway between Twin
Bridges. That is the world of no
place, of placeiessness, of
AWatershed
Tree ca nopies create roadway tunnels along parts of Logan Canyon.
always going somewhere and
never anywhere, at taking the
landscape around you and
converting it into something
else, perferahly money , with as
little delay as possible. (Then
you can take the money and go
somewhere else.)
That world has had its way
for a long time. But it runs on
unconsciousness, and now not
everyone is asleep. Too late for
the San Fernando Valley, and
too late for the hills of Bear
Lake; but maybe we are still in
time for Logan Canyon. There
is already a road in it, a paved
one even, and it is definitely not
the Logan Canyon that the
mountain man Warren Ferris
saw in 1826 - there were grizzly
and big horns then. But as they
say, you start from where you
are, and this is where we are.
-:::----:;-_-:-_ _ ....,._ _-:(Tom Lyon is a professor of
English at Utah State University. He has been involved (or
several years in the movement
to protect Logan Canyon.)
Logan Canyon Needs Defenders
No t striving. unresistilJg. )'ieltlilJg
II o .'er t'om es
Flowing lo wer tluJII ils tribu taries
It ret'eives a ll illlo itself
Fulfilling its purpose silnlll)'
II makes n o da i", .
F r o m L Ull
1'"..
VO ICE YOUR SUPPORT FOR LOGAN CANYON'S FUTURE AT THE MARCH PUBLIC
HEARINGS :
CITIZENS FO R THE
MARCH 3, 7 p.m ., MOUNTAIN FUEL AUDITORI UM , LOGAN
PROTECTION OF LOGAN CANYON
MAR CH 4, 7 p.m ., CITY HALL, GARDEN CITY
P.O. Bo)( 3SBO
Logan , UTah 84321
(801 )1752-9102 ,56H908 (e l
�
Text
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Title
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CPLC Newletters, 1976-1996
Description
An account of the resource
CPLC Newletters from 1976-1996 (incomplete) discussing the need for the protection of Logan Canyon and examination of the Conservatives' Alternative.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Citizens for the Protection of Logan Canyon
Subject
The topic of the resource
Logan Canyon (Utah)
Wilderness areas
Public lands--Utah--Logan Canyon
Logan Canyon Study
Medium
The material or physical carrier of the resource.
Newsletters
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Citizens for the Protection of Logan Canyon
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
Spatial Coverage
Spatial characteristics of the resource.
Logan Canyon (Utah)
Cache County (Utah)
Rich County (Utah)
Utah
United States
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1970-1979
1980-1989
1990-1999
20th century
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Citizens for the Protection of Logan Canyon/Logan Canyon Coalition Papers, 1963-1999, COLL MSS 314 Box 1 Folder 4
Is Referenced By
A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource.
View the inventory for this collection at: <a href="http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv63458">http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv63458</a>
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Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663.
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Highway 89 Digital Collections
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Text
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image/jpeg
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MSS314Bx1Fd4
Highway 89;
-
http://highway89.org/files/original/6607ecfe1d5cbb975b2087a3da50f2a9.pdf
42966d9d34139a5c3f5d09d3fa1b800c
PDF Text
Text
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRI C UL.TURE
FOREST SERVICE
W
asatch National Forest
8226 Federal Bldg., 125 So. State·
Salt Lake City, Utah 84138
7720
December 6, 1979
Marta Douma Tollerup
P.O. Box 3561
Logan, Utah 84321
L
Dear Ms. Tollerup:
We appreciate your interest in the Logan Canyon Highway project and
commend you for wanting to be adequately informed to give realistic
input. In response to your letter we will follow the same numerical
sequence.
1.
An Envirornnental Assessme.nt Report cons ti tutes a Forest Service
Decision Document. The decision by the Forest Service to allow
the proposed project to proceed in and through National Forest
land was made April 20, 1971, when the Environmental Assessment
Report (EAR) was approved. This approval was given subj ect
to, 12 "Special and Functional Considerations" listed on page
29 and 30, and 53 "Recommendations listed on page 37, 38, and
39 of that report.
The 1971 EAR was given to Utah Department of Highway officials
on May 18, 1971, in a meeting which was held to discuss the ·
contents of that report. That · report was for their use in
prepa.ring an Environmental Statement .
On October 15-18 of 1979 an Interdisciplinary Team from the
Wasatch National Forest conducted an ·evaluation of 3 different
alignments for improving the Logan Canyon Highway. All three
alignments were very close to the existing road alignment. The
basic difference between the three alternatives was the radius
of the curves. That evaluation was forwarded to the Utah
Department of Transportation (UDOT) on November 26, 1979, and
a copy is attached for your reference.
2.
A copy of the EAR which was approved in 1971 and given to UDOT
is also enclosed. To reduce printing costs the appendix material is not included. It can be reviewed in the Logan District
Ranger's offiee located at 21 West Center Street, Logan, Utah.
Phone number 752-9533.
: .... .
J
�The environme ntal effects were disc us sed in the 1971 EA, again
in our evaluation report submitted in November of 1979 and
will be discussed again by the UDOT in the Environmental
Assessment they are preparing. The significance of environmental effects will vary by alternatives. , We have recognized
scenic, recreation, fisheries, and total river environmen't
values as being the most · significant resource . concerns to be
considered.
Alternatives ' which were considered in the 1971 EAR (page 32)
by the Forest Service are:
1.
No Reconstruction.
2.
Resurfacing on the existing alignment.
3.
Alternate Routes.
a.
Through Blacksmith Fork Canyon.
b.
Strawberry-Sharen Forest Highway.
Our evaluation report prepared in November 1979 considered
three alignments within the existing Logan Canyon Highway
corridor.
~
The Forest Service has not requested an Environmental Statement to be prepared ..
3.
The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) is the lea,d agency,
since they are the Funding Agency. The UDOT is preparing
the EA for submission to FHWA who will make the decision on
funding. We will continue evaluation to achieve compliance
with constraints we think appropriate for the project.
4.
Enclosed is a copy of the Forest Service proc.edures for implementing the National Environmental Policy Act as published . in the Federal Register July 30, 1979.
The Forest Service method used to determine major actions
which significantly affect the quality of human environment and require an Environmental Impact Statement is the
Environmental Analysis. The .significance of effects must
be considered in terms of context and intensity. A discussion of those things to be considered are contained in
Section 1951.8 of the Forest Service procedures. Those
actions requiring an EIS are outlined in Section 1952.2.
We will use the UDOT data and EA to insure compliance with
. NEPArequirements.
t
' I
•
or
"
t
.: ....
-
••
' .'"
'
�We b~lieve that the route · through Logan Canyon needs to be
improved enough so it can safely serve the traveling public,
while maintaining the scenic, recreation, fisheries and other
·ecological values. It it should be necessary, in order to
adequately safeguard these values, the . Forest Service can,
for the portions of the H~ghway traversing National Forest
lands, insist that adequate safeguards be used and needed
adjustments made. We believe the proper care has been defined
in the above mentioned documents which are enclosed. We also
believe, in our contacts with UDOT, that proper consideration
will be given to protecting the critical resource values in
any project proposal.
."1<-
Thank you again for your
answered your questions.
inte~est.
We h ope we have satisfactorily
If not, .please let us know.
Sincerely,
Ovr )f.~
Yv
CHANDLER P. ST. JOHN
Forest Supervisor
,
,
.
.
-'
.
�
Text
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Title
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Correspondence from Chandler St. John to Marta Tollerup, Deccember 6, 1979
Description
An account of the resource
Correspondence from Chandler St. John to Marta Tollerup discussing the Environmental Assessment Report approved in April 1971 used in preparing another more current report, noting that three sections of the road through Logan Canyon was in need of alignment changes in the radius of the curves, and that Logan Canyon Road (US Highway 89) needs to be improved so it can safely serve the traveling public while maintaining scenic, recreation, fisheries, and other ecological values.
Creator
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St. John, Chandler P.
Subject
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Government agencies
Environmental policy
Logan Canyon (Utah)
Medium
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Correspondence
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Date
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1979-12-06
Spatial Coverage
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Logan Canyon (Utah)
Cache County (Utah)
Utah
United States
Temporal Coverage
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1970-1979
20th century
Language
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eng
Source
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Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Sierra Club, Utah Chapter Archives, 1972-1986, COLL MSS 148 Series VIII Box 28 Folder 8
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View the inventory for this collection at: <a href="http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv03390">http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv03390</a>
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Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663.
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Highway 89 Digital Collections
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MSS148VIIIB28_Fd8_Page_13.pdf
Highway 89;
-
http://highway89.org/files/original/c2655cf3f9b4674feb9edff3c00e94c0.pdf
4f27031cc2004e2a88dab133bddd15ca
PDF Text
Text
u.s.
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION
REGION EIGHT
555 Zang Street
P. O. Box 25246
Denver, Colorado 80225
December 18, 1979
eMr . Brian Beard, President
Sierra Club, Utah Chapter
93 East 1st South
Logan, Utah 84321
IN REP L Y REFER T O:
HED- 08
Dear M Beard :
r.
In your letters of November 20 and 21 , 1979, you requested copies of
Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) regulations for implementing
the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) . Also , you requested
support documentation for determining that highway construction
activities proposed for Logan Canyon , Utah , w
ill have no significant
impacts.
Regarding the request for agency implementing regulations, we have
enclosed copies of DOT Order 5610 . 1C : Procedures for considering
Environmental Impacts , and the Notice of Proposed Rulemaking for
Federal H ghway Administration 23 CFR 771 as contained i n the
i
October 15 , 1979 Federal Register .
For all NEPA- related activities and documents processed by FHWA after
November 30 , 1979, there must be compliance with the CEQ regulations
and DOT Order. Also , the proposed FHWA procedur~s should be used as
supplemental guidance .
Concerning the Logan Canyon construction activities , ~"e are enclosing
a December 10 , 1979 memorandum from Federal Highway Division Adminis trator Bohn to UDOT Director Hurley rescinding FHWA concurrence in the
preliminary Category III assignment to th i s project .
We believe the information provided addresses your concerns . If you
have any further questions , please feel free to contact Administrator
Bohn or our office .
Sincerely yours ,
r
-$di?/~d
Daniel Watt
Regional Federal H ghwway Administrator
i
�
Text
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Title
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Correspondence from Keith Lautenbach to Brian Beard, December 18, 1979 (with signature)
Description
An account of the resource
Correspondence from Keith Lautenbach (on behalf of Daniel Watt) to Brian Beard, (with Lautenbach's signature) in response to Beard's previous correspondence about the FHWA's compliance with NEPA and other agency regulations.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Lautenbach, Keith P.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Environmental policy
Government agencies
Logan Canyon (Utah)
Medium
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Correspondence
Administrative records
Publisher
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Colorado. Department of Transportation
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1979-12-18
Spatial Coverage
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Logan Canyon (Utah)
Cache County (Utah)
Utah
United States
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1970-1979
20th century
Language
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eng
Source
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Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Sierra Club, Utah Chapter Archives, 1972-1986, COLL MSS 148 Series VIII Folder 8
Is Referenced By
A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource.
View the inventory for this collection at: <a href="http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv03390">http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv03390</a>
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Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663.
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Highway 89 Digital Collections
Type
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Text
Format
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application/pdf
Identifier
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MSS148VIIIB28_Fd8_Page_9.pdf
Highway 89;
-
http://highway89.org/files/original/380822394fd322ed02e46480eefca49e.pdf
0b7f22b764080bf1829f671a64abfe3d
PDF Text
Text
J
Wed. July 1
Dear Rudy,
When I finally got hold of Neiman Marcus (Monday morning)
the travel agency person said that the tour I was interested
in was sold nation wide and that my best bet was to get a
brochure locally.
occured to me .
mnd the
That was a solution that had not
So I went down to Trave l Time
lady there remembered me from a previous
meeting and there was no trouble getting the
brochure.
So I thought to expedite matters I would phone you at
work and ask you what to do with it.
who answered the phone forgot.
since Bill
I guess the man
Anyway I decided,
and I are going back packing in the Uintas
beginning tomorrow, to give
this
to you on your doorstep.
Sorry about the delay.
I am including a
J:I0 (,8
you can send to the appropriate
agency, if you think it -useful.
�
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
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<a href="http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/highway89/id/161">http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/highway89/id/161</a>
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2013
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Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
Correspondence from Marjorie Lewis to Rudy Lukez, July 1
Description
An account of the resource
Correspondence from Marjorie Lewis to Rudy Lukez mentioning a tour and brochure.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Lewis, Marjorie
Subject
The topic of the resource
Outdoor Recreation
Medium
The material or physical carrier of the resource.
Correspondence
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
Spatial Coverage
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Logan Canyon (Utah)
Cache County (Utah)
Utah
United States
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1970-1979
1980-1989
1990-1999
20th century
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Sierra Club, Utah Chapter Archives, 1972-1986, COLL MSS 148 Series VIII Box 29 Folder 6
Is Referenced By
A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource.
View the inventory for this collection at: <a href="http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv03390">http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv03390</a>
Rights
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Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663.
Is Part Of
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Highway 89 Digital Collections
Type
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Text
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application/pdf
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MSS148VIIIB29_Fd6_Item 1.pdf
Highway 89;
-
http://highway89.org/files/original/2450d6fe4614645d30d1695b96b69090.pdf
e1d6c57af142bec0820a55d2858a7cf3
PDF Text
Text
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
FOREST SERVICE
Logan Ranger District
P.O. Box 448
Logan, Utah 84321
7750
December 20, 1979
Ms. Marta Tollerup
P.O. Box 3561
Logan, Utah 84321
L
Dear Ms. Tollerup:
Your letter of November 24, 1979 on the realignment of the Logan
Canyon Highway has been referred to our office by the Branch Chief
of Recreation.
In reply to your questions:
There would be changes in the China Row picnic site, Woodcamp
campground, Cottonwood picnic site, Twin Bridges campground, and
two summer recreation residences. All of these facilities could
be affected by road construction in one way or another.
According to the Environmental Analysis Re port for the Third
~hase of Construction of th e Logan Can y on Hi ghway the following
recommendations were made :
22.
Pres e rve the Ch i na Row Sprin g and provide roadside
turn-out sp a c e fo r t wo automobiles.
23.
Desi gn suitabl e a cc e s s int o th e new hi ghway at the
followin g locations:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Ri ght Fork Road Junc t i on
W o dcamp Re c r e ation Site
o
Lo gan Cave Parking
Co tt onwood Ca n yo n Re crea tion Site
Brach iopod Summe r Re cre ation Area
Twi n Brid ge s Re creation Sit e
The Logan Cave p a rkin g and the Cottonwood Canyon Recreation Site
parking can b e combined into one parkin g area.
Attached are copies of three page s covering Recreation and Aesthetics
out of the En v ironmental Analysis Report on the Logan Canyon Highway.
I would like t o call your attention to the list of turn-outs and
parking ar e as for use by people fishing, bird watching, etc. These
p o pular pull-outs wo uld b e preserved if at all possible.
6200- 11 (1 /69)
;.
..
.:.........A
'-
�Possible uses of excess cut material from the proposed Third
Phase Highway Improvement program may be similar to previous
phases or hauled out of the canyon. We have looked at and are
still looking at possible beneficial uses should the road work
be undertaken.
The Cowley Canyon road could benefit from additional material to
improve the driving surface as well as to lift the road above the
drainage channel and improve water quality. There may also be
a similar opportunity for improvement to the Temple Fork road.
There may also be an opportunity to utilize clean rock to stabilize
stream channels in Logan Canyon and side drainages. Perhaps the
fisheries of Logan River, Right Fork, and Temple Fork could be
impro v e d with appropriat ely designed structures utilizing clean
rock.
There may be other uses as well, but environmental assessments of each would be necessary before any undertaking. The
same with any actual waste sites selected.
Some waste disposal
sites looked at to date include the Twin Bridges, both the upper
and lower end; the Woodcamp area; the draw immediately below. the
lower bridge at Twin Bridges; and the bench at the present site
of the Logan Cattle Allotment corral. There has been no definite
selection as yet and there would be an environmental assessment
made to determine if there is an appropriate waste site.
Attached is a copy of the past ten year's recreational use
Logan Canyon.
These figures represent the visitor day use
the boundaries of the canyon. The definition of a visitor
is one individual for a period of 12 hours or some type of
combination.
in
within
day
similar
If you have any questions on the above information or any other question
pertaining to this subject, please call the of f ice or feel free to stop \
in and look at the Environmental An a lysis Report.
Sincerely,
~?7Zj ; ): 0 _
1'_ -vv~ )
M. J. Roberts
District Forest Ranger
Attachments
f~'---::'
l.:
'
~'
,
..
�-20-
Recreation and Aesthettcs
Oltdoor life is a fundamental part of the A!l'lerican tradition. There
is a des:Lre in most people for opportunities to have direct contact
with nature and the outdoor elements.
Logan Canyon is fa!l'led for its natural beauty and scenic features.
Major attractions are the beautiful Logan River winding down canyon
through lush green vegetation of the spring and SUll:ner and the
brilliant flaming colors of the fall season . There are magnificient
scenes of rugged mountains rising abruptly from the canyon bottom
that is barely wide enough to accommodate the river and the canyon
highway. And there are picturesque rock outcrops into which are
growing evergreen and mountain shrubbery. A good variety of wildlife
abounds in the canyon and can often be seen by !l'lotorists travelling
into the canyon. Deer and elk winter at lower elevations and ~ny
sightseers make the trip into the canyon to watch these an i ~ls
browsing and !l'loving about i n their natural habitat. SOlIe water fowl
can be seen propagating young in the !l'lore still waters of Logan R.iver.
The geology of Logan Canyon is very interesting because of the variety
of natural features such as Ricks Spring, the Arches or Wind Caves,
the China Wall, which is an exposed li~estone fault, the Logan Cave
and the Brachiopod Rock. Dlring a drive through Logan Canyon one
passes by an ancient aquarium of fossilized plant and anill8.1 life.
Land forms are present that give evidence of the once present Lake
Bonneville. Still growing after more than 3,200 years on a rocky
crag overlooking Logan Canyon is the great Rocky Mountain Juniper,
Jardine. People living in New York, Los Angeles, and other parts
of the country have telephoned the Logan Ranger's Office to inquire
~~
of the turning of fall colors so they can properly time a trip to
see the canyon in its most vivid colors.
~,
Recreation values are very high in Logan Canyon. The canyon is
within one and one-half hours driving ti~e fro:n the State Capitol
and is used extensively by Utah people as well as by vacationeers
fro~ all parts of the country.
The recreatton Use continues to
increase each year as more and more people travel to the canyon.
Approximately 336,000 visits were made to the recreation areas in
Logan Canyon during 1969, most of which were campers and picnickers.
In addition to these visits, :TIany people enjoyed fishing, hunting,
sightseeing, swi:n~ing, skiing, hiking, cycling, nature study,
photography, horseback riding, berry picktng, -and use of SU~!11er hO!11es
located in the canyon. Highway 89 through the canyon has beco!!le a
popular route for tourists travelli.ng to other National Forests and
National Parks such as the Yellowstone and Teton area ·. Logan Canyon
is -well-known for ' i ts natural beauty. It is es·p ecially beautiful
i n the fall when leaves are changing color.
There are 26 developed forest recreation sites in Logan Can,yon, 8S
suamer cabins on National Forest land and 7 on private land in the
canyon, L~ organi ·z at ion camps, one major developed winter sports area,
and 2 lodges, one of which is on private land. Even with this nU!l'lber
of developed recreation sites, there still are not nearly enough to
~eet public demands and it is eSsential that encroachl1ent onto
f$;'.'1I~'
~}('
~;.
,~.-
"
��3.
Station 666 • Across from Wood
4.
Station 675 - Above Wood
5.
Station 698 - Bend below Burnt Bridge
6.
Station 706
7.
Station 718 - Approaching Burnt Bridge
8.
Station 725 - Above Burnt Br1.dge
9.
Station 755 - Logan Cave
Ca~p
Ca~p
10.
Station 761 - Cottonwood (South)
11.
Station 763 -
12.
Station 709 - Below Brachiopod (North)
13.
Station 770 - (South) Below Brachiopod
14.
Station 793 - (North) Bend above Brachiopod
15.
Station 796 - (South) Bend above Brachiopod
16.
Station 802 - Bend below Twin Bridges
17.
Station 809 - (North) Just below 'I\Jln Bridges
18.
Station 810
19.
Station 821 - Cut just below Twin Bridges
20.
Station 835 - Twin Bridges
~uth
Cotton\lood
(South) Just below Twin Bridges
Durtng construction, access roads should be kept open to recreation sites
including summer recreation residences and adequate and safe access to
these sites must be developed in conjunction with the high\lay i~rove~ent
project.
~
Narrow bands of vegetation presently separa.te the highway fro~ recreation
sites and residences. Roa.d construction will remove 'portions of this
vegetative screen and every effort should be :nade to protect or restore
the screening. Abandoned road sections should be obliterated, and revegetated to restore as near to natural conditions as practical.
The aesthetic value will be subjected to intensive change by the rightof-way cleartqg. Careful attention must be given to this operation to
preserve individual trees and shrubs on the fringe of the clearing boundary.
Tree stUT.pS should be cut as near ground surface as possible where stumps
are not taken out c~mpletely. Trees taken out with the right-or-way
clearing can best ~ disposed of by chipping the branches and cutting the
trunk into lengths of 8 feet or less and stockpiling for campground use .
.
-
~
�Recreation Use- Logan Canyon Management Composite
Year
1969
Visitor-Day Use
1000)
208. 7
Recreation Visitor
(x 1000)
ex
1970
220.0
1971
228.2
1972
264.4
1973
295.3
1974
308.5
1975
210.3
249.8
1976
317.6
270.6
1977
357.7
266.3
1978
37 L 4
••
300.1
1979
398.8
334.1
I
1
~
I
I
I
,
!
1
i
"/
II
12/19/79
' \"
F.R.L.
�
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Local URL
The URL of the local directory containing all assets of the website
<a href="http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/highway89/id/155">http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/highway89/id/155</a>
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Digitized by: Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library
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2013
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Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
Correspondence from M.J. Roberts to Marta Tollerup, December 20, 1979
Description
An account of the resource
Correspondence from M.J. Roberts to Marta Tollerup discussing the changes to China Row picnic site, Woodcamp campground, Cottonwood picnic site, Twin Bridges campground, and two summer recreation residences including the aspects of recreation and aesthetics of these locations.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Roberts, M.J.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Outdoor recreation
Logan Canyon (Utah)
Traffic engineering
Medium
The material or physical carrier of the resource.
Correspondence
Administrative records
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
United States. Forest Service
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1979-12-20
Spatial Coverage
Spatial characteristics of the resource.
Logan Canyon (Utah)
Cache County (Utah)
Utah
United States
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1970-1979
20th century
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Sierra Club, Utah Chapter Archives, 1972-1986, COLL MSS 148 Series VIII Box 28 Folder 8
Is Referenced By
A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource.
View the inventory for this collection at: <a href="http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv03390">http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv03390</a>
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663.
Is Part Of
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Highway 89 Digital Collections
Type
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Text
Format
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application/pdf
Identifier
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MSS148VIIIB28_Fd8_Page_7.pdf
Highway 89;
-
http://highway89.org/files/original/42fdb10dbd203b43360306ea5ce6c384.pdf
210433ebebf259d35cf10b755f31b33c
PDF Text
Text
u.s.
..
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION
REGION EIGHT
UTAH DIVISION
P.O. Box 11563
Salt Lake City, Utah 84147 .
Decembe r 12, 1979
•
IN REPLY REFER TO:
HBR-UT
Mr. Brian Beard, President
Utah Chapter Sierra Club
93 East First South
Logan, Utah 84321
Dear Mr. Beard:
Reference is made to your letter of November 21, 1979, regarding the
proposed construction activities in Logan Canyon, Utah.
In accordance with Federal laws, the methods and procedures followed in
the development of highway projects from initial conception to the point
of advertising for construction are contained in the State's approved
Action Plan. The purpose of this plan is to define how the State intends
to comply with various legislative requirements such as the National
Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). In addition, the plan also outlines
how the State will coordinate with other government entities and the
public in developing plans for highway projects. For a clearer understanding of the process, a copy of the Action Plan may be obtained from
the Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT).
The Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) regulations (40 Code of Federal
Regulations 500, et seq.), as provided in section 1506.12, were effective
July 30, 1979, for direct Federal projects; however, agencies administering programs under section 102(2)D of NEPA are allowed an additional
4 months for State agencies to adopt implementing procedures. Consequently, for the Federal-aid highway program, the effective date of the
CEQ regulations is November 30, 1979. .
As a result of the CEQ regulations, the UDOT's Action Plan is currently
being revised to incorporate the latest environmental changes. Although
the revisions are not completely documented in the Action Plan at this
time, all projects (including Logan Canyon) processed through the State
and this office after November 30, 1979, will be in full compliance with
the CEQ and all other appropriate environmental regulations. Since these
regulations have just gone into effect, it is considered somewhat premature to imply that the UDOT is not in compliance with the CEQ regulations
or is in apparent violation of public law. There has not been, nor will
there be, any violations on environmental regulations with respect to our
actions on this or any other project.
�2
After a recent meeting with the UDOT regarding the scope of the project
and in accordance with Federal Highway Administration policy, a review
of the project and category assignment was undertaken. The currently
proposed improvement is of the type normally considered a nonmajor action
(categorical exclusion). However, the continuing controversy regarding
this proposal has convinced us that it merits special consideration. We
have concluded that the project should not be processed as a nonmajor
action (categorical exclusion) and have withdrawn our concurrence in the
~ategory I I I assignment.
The UDOT has been informed of this action.
We trust this response has addressed your concerns regarding this project.
Should you have any further questions concerning the project or its
future development, we suggest you contact the Utah Department of Transportation.
Sincerely yours,
ftKL
W. Bohn
�
Text
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Local URL
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<a href="http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/highway89/id/148">http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/highway89/id/148</a>
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Digitized by: Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library
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2013
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Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
Correspondence from George Bohn to Brian Beard, December 12, 1979
Description
An account of the resource
Correspondence from George Bohn to Brian Beard defining the action plan which must comply with various legislative requirements such as NEPA, and outline how the State will coordinate with other government entities and the public in developing plans for highway projects, and that the proposed construction activites in Logan Canyon were withdrawn from nonmajor action.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Bohn, George W.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Environmental policy
Logan Canyon (Utah)
Government agencies
Medium
The material or physical carrier of the resource.
Administrative records
Correspondence
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Utah. Department of Transportation
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1979-12-12
Spatial Coverage
Spatial characteristics of the resource.
Logan (Utah)
Cache County (Utah)
Utah
United States
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1970-1979
20th century
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Sierra Club, Utah Chapter Archives, 1972-1986, COLL MSS 148 Series VIII Box 28 Folder 8
Is Referenced By
A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource.
View the inventory for this collection at: <a href="http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv03390">http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv03390</a>
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663.
Is Part Of
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Highway 89 Digital Collections
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
application/pdf
Identifier
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MSS148VIIIB28_Fd8_Page_12.pdf
Highway 89;
-
http://highway89.org/files/original/b802cef09ef26f323bd5b87260984606.pdf
9bdce05e4b3a77f9761b852c19652c25
PDF Text
Text
/
U.S. DEPARTMENl OF TRANSPORTATION
FEDERAL HIGHW AY ADMINISTRATION
REGION EIGHT
OCT
•
· 1978
5
I N REPL Y REFER TO:
HED-08
Mr. Thomas J. Lyon
655 Canyon Road
Logan, Utah 84321
Dear Mr. Lyon:
Thank you for the information provided at our August 20 meeting
in support of your position on the proposed Logan County Project.
A copy of this will be sent to Division Administrator George Bohn.
We recognize your concerns on the traffic and safety analyses..
and the overall environmental impacts of this proposal. As we
indicated to you, the assignment of this project to a Category ~ III
Classification (nonmajor action) will be ree~aluated following
additional environmental studies and public involvement. By copy
of this letter, I am requesting our Division Office to keep . you
informed of subsequent developn~nts on the the project.
4
Thank you for your interest in the hi ghway program.
Si ncerely,
cZ#~
~
~
-/
Daniel Watt
Regional Federal Highway Administrator
�
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Title
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Correspondence from Daniel Watt to Thomas Lyon, October 5, 1979
Description
An account of the resource
Correspondence from Daniel Watt to Thomas Lyon, October 5, 1979 acknowledging concerns about traffic and safety analyses and the classification of Logan Canyon.
Creator
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Watt, Daniel
Subject
The topic of the resource
Traffic engineering
Environmental policy
Logan Canyon Study
Medium
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Correspondence
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1979-10-05
Spatial Coverage
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Logan Canyon (Utah)
Cache County (Utah)
Utah
United States
Temporal Coverage
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1970-1979
20th century
Language
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eng
Source
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Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Sierra Club, Utah Chapter Archives, 1972-1986, COLL MSS 148 Series VIII Box 28 Folder 8
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View the inventory for this collection at: <a href="http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv03390">http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv03390</a>
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Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663.
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Highway 89 Digital Collections
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Text
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application/pdf
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MSS148VIIIB28_Fd8_Page_20.pdf
Highway 89;
-
http://highway89.org/files/original/078e07287337d2621252a91cb831907f.pdf
9f0780c9f4582a1c49a9cf7d95ee33f0
PDF Text
Text
MEETING NOTICE
(
~
public meeting regarding the improvement study for U.S.
89 through Logan Canyon will be held Monday Novem-
~ighway
ber 3, at 7:30 p.m. in Garden City Hall in Garden City,
Utah.
The Utah Department of Transportation and its engi-
neering consultant for the project, CH2M HILL, will present
the data and findings from the first task of this study and
the determination of transportation needs for the segment of
the highway between Right Fork and Garden City.
Preliminary
findings of public concerns and environmental issues regarding road improvements in the Canyon and alternative alignments from the Bear Lake Summit to Garden City will also be
reported.
Questions and comments will be entertained.
A
fact sheet is being prepared for the public on the project
mailing list.
This meeting will cover essentially the same
areas that were covered in the public meeting held on ·
September 23 at the Logan City Hall.
Contact:
Cliff Forsgren
CH2M HILL
363-0200
SLC88/06
�
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<a href="http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/highway89/id/144">http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/highway89/id/144</a>
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Meeting notice for November 3
Description
An account of the resource
Meeting notice for November 3 at City Hall in Garden City
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Forsgren, Clifford
Subject
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Logan Canyon (Utah)
Traffic engineering
Roads--Design and construction
Logan Canyon Study
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Administrative records
Date
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1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
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Garden City (Utah)
Rich County (Utah)
Utah
United States
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1970-1979
1980-1989
1990-1999
20th century
Language
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eng
Source
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Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Sierra Club, Utah Chapter Archives, 1972-1986, COLL MSS 148 Series VIII Box 29 Folder 6
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View the inventory for this collection at: <a href="http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv03390">http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv03390</a>
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Highway 89 Digital Collections
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MSS148VIIIB29_Fd6_Item 19.pdf
Highway 89;
-
http://highway89.org/files/original/9d92669817f1913d3146ceaac3b45674.pdf
e3f491f784b589d87701f551b72f1e3b
PDF Text
Text
SIERRA CLUB
Utah Chapte r
I~formation Offic e r
" tan uepa r tment of Tr anspor:. E.:' io.
~ist r ict 1-0 . i Office
123 17t. 0 treet
6oen , tah 344 '4
-;) '::"icy 'c
"'~e Co nc':i on ~nviro: _, e:-', - f:.:" , 'J.o.:"ity .-es:,:,:"~· i:>:--l.3 ,"
3':ons of the ~'o.t"'=o ,:.c.- ~~';~:'J ...enta:" PO:'~ci .. ct. ~eC:. ' .3
~ection
15J7 .3
pe rt:
~ ~en~J ~~ocej~ re~
.ot ':'c.ter :::&';'l ei:;ht .0r:~ . 5 c. ·"ter ?Jb :':-: c.:'~on .J: ::.ese re~ 'J.:"E..".,io.'1~
E.3 "'L'1a ... y a 'opte ::-. :':-.-= ?e"':'e Ef:.:' :.e~:".3:.er, or :"':"-;-2 -:;.J!1~::s c. :"'-:e
::"i5h.. e:1t 0" en e.;encj' , ,.(:- ~c: ever sh~ - :. C.J:71e '::"e:'e~, ;;cc~ a~e .. cj s' all c.S "1-3CeS3erj f:.d.opt p r ocec.i'..:.!"-=...: :',J ;3'?~ :e'1e i t :.~e -e re,;" ~E:.:' :0:15.
(0)
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~3 ~entione
Sn t~e ~~~E.~ : &'P~ ~~ te ' ao~¥~ , ~::"QE..3e
t ,J': Transp0r+. ct,~0:-: ''':'5~S .: r :'''':1:'':'e::1en::.-_..; ~~~?,... .
~C:.rt,:1e.
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e
... ...
<..
58._
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.:.,. j ~ 2.i~:"):,.c. . . .
~:..~)re . . :_:ei •
t:-c
�
Text
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<a href="http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/highway89/id/142">http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/highway89/id/142</a>
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Title
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Correspondence from Brian Beard to Information Officer, November 21, 1979
Description
An account of the resource
Correspondence from Brian Beard to Information Officer requesting the regulations that the Utah Department of Transportation uses for implenting NEPA.
Creator
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Beard, Brian
Contributor
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Vendell, Karen
Subject
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Environmental policy
Government agencies
Logan Canyon (Utah)
Sierra Club. Utah Chapter
Medium
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Correspondence
Administrative records
Date
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1979-11-21
Spatial Coverage
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Utah
United States
Logan Canyon (Utah)
Cache County (Utah)
Temporal Coverage
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1970-1979
20th century
Language
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eng
Source
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Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Sierra Club, Utah Chapter Archives, 1972-1986, COLL MSS 148 Series VIII Box 28 Folder 8
Is Referenced By
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View the inventory for this collection at: <a href="http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv03390">http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv03390</a>
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Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663.
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Highway 89 Digital Collections
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Text
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MSS148VIIIB28_Fd8_Page_16.pdf
Highway 89;
-
http://highway89.org/files/original/f32f578e5e6eca387efbd76ce89383ea.pdf
5f1e9d542b70799a77daa30b950a16ca
PDF Text
Text
SIERRA CLUB
Utah Chapter
93 East 1st South
LOGan, Utah S4J21
:ove~ber 21 , -979
(801) 75;-09?-7
ARCHES NATL. PARK
by
Karen Vendell
JoJo Jones
~ierra Club Leader
ational Transport~tion
rtE :
Jear
Co~~ittee
Proposed Road Construction Activities, Looan Canyon, Jtah .
~·lrs .
J one s :
·ohn Heywood has asked me to send Gn:ormation to yoa concerning t~e current status 0:
the l..06&n Canyon nigh~'iay Project i.YJ. Nor thern Utah . Please fi..rld the follo·t ling in.ior:lC:. tion enclosed:
1.
2.
J.
4.
5•
Letter
Letter
Letter
Letter
Letter
to
to
to
to
to
Gary Lindley;
;·1 .J. ~io~ert3 ;
Vern Haore ;
Georbe ,01 • 3oh..11 ; and
DMVid ·..·E.tt .
In sli.rnmary it i:lc.y be sai -i thc.t the ;>ro:note rs of the project are trY;.:1g to aVOlJ. an
and :neaningful public input. rre e nc~osures a~e de si6ned ~o 00tain bad<6roll..'1d inforr:1atio:1 to for:;e an J1viro:1."7lental ~tater:1ent . ·..;e ~ave been to_ . several :,imes , that an Environ.i1ental Statement ·.'lill ;nean the deaths 0-"' t~e project ; 1:';-1 '. 5
~3 of course our 60&1.
~nviron~ental ~tatement
I ~'/ill continue to sen additiona l inforr:1c.tion 2.S it beco:nes B. V"E.i able in th2 ::. t ·'.._'e ;
I ','[ Quld sU6~est that you ;>repare c. pla ce in you filin6 syste:n for' t ..e Logan Cc.nyon project .
:"' I can provide additional inform.: tion pLease ':Trit e or phone . Your s~oestions '. il l be
0
a~? reciated.
~:e15t ~?a .~
Brian 3e.::rd
cc:
John :fey.iood
drant Calkin ~ith en c~ osu res
Crai6 nayle with enclo sures
Anthony rtucke l with enclosues
�
Text
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<a href="http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/highway89/id/136">http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/highway89/id/136</a>
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2013
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Title
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Correspondence from Brian Beard to JoJo Jones, November 21, 1979
Description
An account of the resource
Correspondence from Brian Beard to JoJo Jones stating the intent to demand an Environmental Statement be produced in regards to the Logan Canyon project.
Creator
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Beard, Brian
Contributor
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Vendell, Karen
Subject
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Government agencies
Environmental policy
Logan Canyon (Utah)
Sierra Club. Utah Chapter
Logan Canyon Study
Medium
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Correspondence
Administrative records
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1979-11-21
Spatial Coverage
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Utah
United States
Logan Canyon (Utah)
Cache County (Utah)
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1970-1979
20th century
Language
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eng
Source
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Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Sierra Club, Utah Chapter Archives, 1972-1986, COLL MSS 148 Series VIII Box 28 Folder 8
Is Referenced By
A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource.
View the inventory for this collection at: <a href="http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv03390">http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv03390</a>
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Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663.
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Highway 89 Digital Collections
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Text
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MSS148VIIIB28_Fd8_Page_15.pdf
Highway 89;
-
http://highway89.org/files/original/fb41ad30abe11643f41965e8c7d6e86c.pdf
60a80ad5e63041eb896ef0419a73e715
PDF Text
Text
AGENDA
US 89 - LOGAN CANYON PUBLIC MEETING #1
(
Tuesday, September 23, 7:30 P.M. Logan City Hall
utah Department of ~ransportation
CH2M HILL - Consulting Engineer
1.
Welcome - Project Background _ Purpose of Meeting
0
N+eS+(J
2. --Introduction of Participants
3.
Presentation of Transportation Needs Data and Findings
A. Existing Roadway Conditions
B. Safety
C. Maintenance
D. Traffic Characteristics
E. Roadway Capacity
F. Conclusions
4.
Environmental Concerns - Preliminary Findings
5.
Public Questions and Answers
6.
Future Tasks and Public Involvement Opportunities
�
Text
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<a href="http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/highway89/id/135">http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/highway89/id/135</a>
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2013
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Title
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Agenda for September 23 public meeting
Description
An account of the resource
Agenda for September 23 public meeting at Logan City Hall
Subject
The topic of the resource
Logan Canyon (Utah)
Traffic engineering
Medium
The material or physical carrier of the resource.
Administrative records
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
Spatial Coverage
Spatial characteristics of the resource.
Logan (Utah)
Cache County (Utah)
Utah
United States
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1970-1979
1980-1989
1990-1999
20th century
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Sierra Club, Utah Chapter Archives, 1972-1986, COLL MSS 148 Series VIII Box 29 Folder 6
Is Referenced By
A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource.
View the inventory for this collection at: <a href="http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv03390">http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv03390</a>
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Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663.
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Highway 89 Digital Collections
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Text
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application/pdf
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MSS148VIIIB29_Fd6_Item 18.pdf
Highway 89;
-
http://highway89.org/files/original/1cc4b0efa26655b55b2a55e4a4536545.pdf
5ddff13abebeb599a71d39a66f4058eb
PDF Text
Text
{
I
I
Logan Canyon Highway
For the second time in nine years. the Utah Department of Transportation
(UDOT) is proposing an expansion and reduction of curves to the 6.7~ile
stretch of U.S. Highway 89 from Right Hand Fork to Ricks Spring in Logan Canyon.
Envtronmental groups and concerned citizens, including the Sierra Club, the
Bridgerland Audubon Society, Citizens for · the Protection of Logan Canyon and
others, view this expansion as highly unfavorable and as a threat to the
beauty and quality of the Logan Canyon Recreation Area.
!
General Summary
i
i
* Major impact on both environmental ~nd visual quality of canyon.
* Project contradicts national energy ;concern.
* S0-90 percent of the project reqUir t s cutting into existing banks and
vegetated areas.
!
* "Waste poses a major engineering prcbblem.rt (Quote from project engineer)
Traffic Growth Factors
*
*
UDOT uses an unrealistic expontential model.
A linear growth model better fits daily traffic data.
*
data used by UnoT are limited to one busy section of the highway,
yet are used to describe the whole road.
Need for highway re-alignment not documented by current data.
* Traffic
Safety Factors
*
*
*
*
Suggested danger of Logan Canyon "Section III" is not supported by current
data.
A major discrepancy exists between accident rate data and traffic volume.
1977 accident rate figured by the Utah Highway Patrol does not agree with
UDOT report.
Statistical significance of accident data used is suspect.
Environmental Factors
* Numerous spills would encroach into Logan River from planned fills.
* Silt deposits in the river would destroy trout habitat and breeding cycle.
* Loss of riverside vegetation needed by trout for low light intensity.
* Creation of any culverts would impair spawning success of trout.
* Loss of vegetative barriers lessens the quality of fishing experience.
* Major visual impacts would result from the cuts planned, especially the
two major cuts at the Temple Fork area, which would be, according to the
engineer's report, 75 feet deep and as much as 150 feet across.
" IT'LL NEVER BE WORTH AS MUCH AS WE'VE PUT INTO IT (the project) ALREADy.1I
--Gary Lindley, project engineer.
�'. IMPORTANT ADDRESSES
i
Mr. Les Abbey, Environmental Engineer
Utah Department of Transportation
128 17th Street
Ogden, Utah 84404
To demonstrate this is a controversial issue you should send copies
to those throughout the decision-making process:
Mr. George Bohn
Federal Highway Administration
Federal Building
125 So. State Street
Salt Lake City, Utah 84111
Mr. David Watt
Federal Highway Administration, Region 8
P.O. 25426
Denver, Colorado 80225
Mr. William Geise
Environmental Protection Agency
Suite 900
1890 Li nco 1n
Denver, Colorado
POINTS TO STRESS
Question need for major reconstruction as planned.
Proposal has major impact on both environmental and scenic
qualities of canyon.
Need for an enVironmental impact statement to thoroughly analyze
impacts and alternatives.
Ask that the EPA become a cooperating agency in the project
analysis of the Logan Canyon Highway.
�
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Title
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Concern about Logan Canyon
Description
An account of the resource
Detailing the concerns, particularly from environmental groups, of the expansion and reduction of curves in Logan Canyon including a general summary, traffic growth factors, safety factors, and environmental factors. Important addresses and questions to be addressed should this project continue are noted.
Subject
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Environmental policy
Traffic engineering
Logan Canyon (Utah)
Logan Canyon Study
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Administrative records
Date
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1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
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Logan Canyon (Utah)
Cache County (Utah)
Utah
United States
Temporal Coverage
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1970-1979
1980-1989
1990-1999
20th century
Language
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eng
Source
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Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Sierra Club, Utah Chapter Archives, 1972-1986, COLL MSS 148 Series VIII Box 28 Folder 8
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View the inventory for this collection at: <a href="http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv03390">http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv03390</a>
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Highway 89 Digital Collections
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SIERRA CLUB
Utah Chapter
93 East 1st South
Logan, Utah 84321
November 21, 1979
(801) 753-D987
ARCHES NATL. PARK by Karen Vendell
!-m.
David W tt
__
Regional Adrniniatrator
Federal Highway Administrator
Region VIII
P.O. Box 25246
Denver, Color~jo 80225
RE: Proposed construction activities
Dear Mr.
in Logan Canyon, Utah.
\~att :
The utah Chapter Sierra Club is concerned about recent proposals for widening the
existing road in Logan Canyon, utah. The Sierra Club is particularly concerned abou·~
compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act.
Please provide information on the following subjects:
1.
Finding of 1~O Significant Impact
The Utah Department of Transportation has determined that an Environmental Impact
Statement is not required for construction activities in Logan Canyon. ~ Please send
a copy of this "finding of no significant impact."
.
,
Environmental Assessment The decision to proceed without the preperation of an Environmental Impact Statement
was made befoee the preperation of an environmental assessment. Council on Environmental
uality NEPA compliance regulations state that the environmental assessment is to be
used as the foundation for determination of need or lack of need for an Environmental
Statement . How can the Ut&h Department of Transportation comply with NEPA if they have
decided an Environmental Statement is not necessary ~"lit >. out using the environmental
assessment in this decision?
2.
Due to the timely nature of this matter, a response i£ .requested within ten working
days .
�
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Title
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Correspondence from Brian Beard to David Watt, November 21, 1979
Description
An account of the resource
Correspondence from Brian Beard to David Watt asking for a copy of the "finding of no significant impact" and asking for information as to why UDOT decided to proceed without an Environmental Assessment as required by CEQ NEPA.
Creator
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Beard, Brian
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Vendell, Karen
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Environmental policy
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Logan Canyon (Utah)
Sierra Club. Utah Chapter
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1979-11-21
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Utah
United States
Logan Canyon (Utah)
Cache County (Utah)
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1970-1979
20th century
Language
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eng
Source
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Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Sierra Club, Utah Chapter Archives, 1972-1986,COLL MSS 148 Series VIII Box 28 Folder 8
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MSS148VIIIB28_Fd8_Page_17.pdf
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u.s.
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION
IN REPLY REFER TO:
.1
have
I, rDvi r~0
~
·I ~as::;.
Wl
r>.~
I
pl j'c..t . .·
�
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Correspondence from K.P. Lautenbach to Brian Beard, December 18, 1979
Description
An account of the resource
Correspondence from Keith P. Lautenbach to Brian Beard of the Sierra Club in response to Beard's previous correspondence about the FHWA's compliance with NEPA and other agency regulations.
Creator
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Lautenbach, Keith P.
Subject
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Environmental policy
Government agencies
Logan Canyon (Utah)
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Correspondence
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Colorado. Department of Transportation
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1979-12-18
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Logan Canyon (Utah)
Cache County (Utah)
Utah
United States
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1970-1979
20th century
Language
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eng
Source
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Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Sierra Club, Utah Chapter Archives, 1972-1986, COLL MSS 148 Series VIIIBox 28 Folder 8
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View the inventory for this collection at: <a href="http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv03390">http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv03390</a>
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Highway 89 Digital Collections
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MSS148VIIIB28_Fd8_Page_5.pdf
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~
77;;lC)
November 26, 1979
D. M. LeFevre,P.E.
PreconstTIlction Engineer
Utah Department of Transportation
128 17th Street, Box 309
Ogden, Utah . 84402
~~.
Dear Mr. LeFevre,
tie have reviewed and evaluated your more recent alternative proposals
for Section 3 of the Logan Canyon Highway as requested by GarY Lindley.
Our evaluation is contained in the attached report.
TIle report was prepared by a team and is for your use in preparation
of your Environmental Analysis Report. This report describes those
c9nstraints whicl1 are necessary to protect the Scenic, Recreation, and
Fisheries values which are so important to Logan Canyon and are con':" sidered the minimum necessary to meet the direction provided byotlr 1971
Environmental Analysis .Report.
TIle negative effects of the 120 30' degree of curvature alignment are
too severe and are considered unacceptable.
is described in the attached evaluation.
Our recommended alignment
If you have any questions or would like to discuss this, we would be
happy to meet with you.
Sincerely,
CHANDLER P. .ST. · JCHf~
CHANDLER P. ST. JOHN
Forest Supervisor
Enclosure
cc: · Logan District With Report
Files With Report v
NHunsaker:lm
�Logan Canyon Highwa y 1/
Evaluation of Section 3
October 15-18~ 1979
Logan Canyon is one of the major scenic routes in the state and this requires an extra effort to maintain and/or enhance the scenic values that
now exist in the canyon.
Integration with the order of the macro-enviro"nment is very important in the overall location of the high\Va y~ but its
effect on the public is by no means immediate or obvious. The public,
however, is directly aware of embankments, bridges, planting and a multitude of other design details that the road-user can see from t" e \o:indmv
h
of the car. The following list will aid in achievement of the goal to
provide for a safe travel way and yet protect the macro-environment.
1.
"2.
The landscape design should be an integral part of the highway
design and not an after thought to hide construction scars
with cosmetic treatment.
The AASHO Policy on Geometric Design states that "a uniform
slope through a cut or fill section often results in a formalar stilted appearance. This can be softened by flattening
the slopes on the ends where cut or fill is light ' ""and gradually steepening it toward the controlling maximum slope on
the heavier portion of the cut or fill." Complex variation "
of cross-sections suggested it is difficult to "achieve, if
one works merely with cross-sections. For any refined sculpturing of the land masses~ plans with horizontal contours
have to be used.
3.
The relationship between speed and focusing distance, angle
of vision and amount of foreground detail is important in the
driver's ability to enjoy the scenic values of the canyon.
As a general rule tithe slower one travels the more can be seen:" "
4.
The existing rock features in the canyon are of utmost importance. Every effort should be taken to avoid such features
however, when rock out crops are encountered, they should be
blasted in such a way as to appear natural.
S.
Special structures may be required to satisfy environmental
engineering and aesthetic constraints. As the project progresses special designs for bridges, retaining walls and sidehill structures to meet these needs must be developed.
The Evaluation Team consisted of:
John Nielsen - Forest Engineer
Neil Hunsaker - Forest Planner
Jim Elsea - Hydrologist
Jim Cole - Wildlife Biologist
Mark Shruv - Fisheries Biologist
Clark Ostergaard - Landscape Architect
�2
Th~s
evaluation was limited to Section 3 as described above because of
insufficient resource data from Station 865 to Ricks Springs to conduct
a meaningful evaluatinn. It is not our intent that the project should
end at this point station 865, but to indicate that any evaluation and
agreement on that segment of the project will be delayed until the
follo\ving information is furnished.
A.
Soils data \"hich indicated erosion hazard, fertility or ability
to be revegetated, and mass stability.
B.
Geologic data from core drilling along the proposed route to
determine structure, distance to bedrock, angle of repose, etc.
c.
A proposed Toad profile.
D.
A plan view of the estimated location of top of cut slope~
and toe of fill slopes in relation to the proposed centerline.
from Right Hand Fork (Sta. 605) to Curve at the Through , Cut
above the Dugway at Twin Bridges (Sta. 860).
This evaluation was conducted \vithout adquate information about the
structural details for the retainer walls, jersey barriers, curb and
gutter, culvert energy dissipators, etc. These should be furnished .
as soon as possible. To save time we have based our evaluation on
an estimation of what they will look like. When the details are received we \vill review them to insure our evaluation is still valid.
To conduct an evaluation of this nature it was necessary to establish
certain criteria. These are listed below and any deviation from them
will require a reevaluation.
�3
1.
A two lane road with the following cross sectional configuration would be used from Station 610 to Station 835.
51' MA'XAMIUM
,~' MITX.
24'
15' MAX~
2.
A three lane road may be necessary on the up hill grade between
the Twin Bridges. This would be accomplished by adding an 11'
climbing lane to the above cross sectional configuration~
3.
Removal of vegetation would be limited to the construction
area. The construction area limits would be 5 feet above
the top of a cut slope and the toe of fill slopes.
4.
The principle purpose for retainer walls is to keep road
fill out of the riparian vegetation and the stream, and
only in rare cases is it necessary to keep the river away
from the road fill. The construction techniques which have
the minimum impact on riparian vegetation ,nIl be used.
If no other comments are made concerning curb and gutter and
retainer walls, they should be considered acceptable. .
I
�4
5.
The Special and Functional Considera tion and Recomr.lenda tion
contained in the 1971 Environmental An a lysis report are still
required.
6.
Top ·soil will be stockpiled for respreading over cut and fill
slopes and other disturbed areas.
This evaluation compared three road alignments which will be
referred to as 18°, 14° and 12°30' alignments. These degrees
refer to the maximum degree of curvature used in each of the
three alignments.
1.
The 18° alignment reflects a design speed of 30 m.p~h.
and is shown on sheet 5 through 11 of plans F-021-1(4.)
at a scale of 1" = 100'.
2.
14° alignment reflects a design speed of 35 m.p.h. · and
is sho"tffi as the office revision on the same plans as
the 18° alignment.
3.
The 12 0 30' alignment reflects a 35 m.p.h. design speed
and is sho"tffi on plans F-021-1 (4) at a scale of 111 = 200'.
This alignment was also shown on the 1" = lOOt scale plans
in red pencil and located on the ground with yellow flagging.
Station 605 to 625 - All 3 alignments are the same and are satisfactory.
Curve #30 is 12° and #31 is 10°. Special revegetation, slope shaping and landscape measure '''ill be required on the cut bank associated with curve #30 to mitigate visual impacts.
Station 625-630 - T\"o curves are preferred. They are Off. Rev.
1132 (14°) and Off. Rev. 1133 (14.°) with coordinate points as
shown on the plans. The 12°30' alignment near Station #630
severely encroaches on the stream bank. The two 14° curves
keep the road further away from the creek.
Station 630-637 - The 18 0 alignment would result in somewhat less
visual impact than the 14° rir 12°30'. The difference in effects
on the visual resource is not deemed significant and, therefore,
the curve data for Off. Rev. #34(14°) is acceptable. The cut
bank o~ the inside of this curve will require special revegetation,
slope shaping and landscaping measures.
�5
Station 637-641 - All 3 alignments are the same and are acceptable.
Fisherm parking should be designed and constructed in the wide
an
spot between the road and the river.
Station 641-648 - Curve #35 should be the 12° curve to avoid impacts
on the stream ~vhich would be associated wi th the 9° curve.
Station 648-656 - This tangent should go to the Off. Rev. #36 coordinate point (N512,321.925;El,016,652.124) at Sta. P.i.654 and
use the 14° curve. Fisherman parking should be developed bet,.,een the road and the river a t Station 649. The spring near
the hill at Sta. 651 should be protected in its natural condition. The 18° curve is preferred here but the 14° curve is
acceptable. The 12°30' curve creates unacceptable impacts on .
the visual resource. The ex isting China Row Picnic area east
of the ro ad may have to be abandoned because it will be too
small for use.
Station 656-662 - The impacts of the 12°30' alignment on the . river are
too severe. Use a 14° curve with coordinate point N512,803.924,
E1,017,206.904. This will help reduce the impact on \~ood Camp.
A turn around loop will have to be designed and constructed in .
the north end of Wood Camp because of the elimination of part of
the Campground road.
Station 662-672 - Use .12° curve with coordinate point N513,771.978,
E1,017,277,993. reasons are same as Station 656-662.
Station 672-680 - Centerline to be as dictated by next curve coordinate
point • .
Station 680-685 - Use 12° curve at coordinate point N514,000.429,E1,
018,713.259.
Station 685-689 - Use 14° curve at coordinate point N514,329.967,E1,
019,035.966. This is necessary to avoid impacts on the visual
resource and protect the Rock Feature.
Station 689-706 - The reverse curve aiignment should be used to
reduce impacts on the river and on the mountain, which would be
caused by the other alignments. Using this will necessitate the
reevaluation of the amount of retainer wall needed. Curve data for
this section is shown in the chart below.
Stations
689-692
693-696
696-700
700-706
De~~
14°
14 o ·
9°
3°
Curve fl
41
42
43
44
Tan~ent Coordinat e Point
N514,389,996,E1,019,422.989
N514,651.927,El,019,714.915
N514,772.032,El,020,083.101
N515,149.968,El,020,500.394
�6
Station 706-716 - Use tangent coordinate points N5l5,532.192,E1,021,
086.164 and a 9° or 10° curve. This will result in the least
impact on the river and may require less re tainer 'vall. The
impact on the hill at Station 716 with the 12°30' alignment is
too severe and will cause visual degradation • .
Station 716-724 - The 10° curve with either set of tangent coordinate
points is satisfactory.
Station 724-730 - The alignment as established by the coordinate points
is good . . The hill on the cut side is rock ledge with stable soils
Use rock rip rap instead of retainer wall on the river side of the
road. tv~ere soil pockets exist in the cut, they should be sloped
back and revegetated or retainer wall of log cribbing or rock dry
wall construction used.
Station 730-737 - Use 5°30' curve with either coordinate point shown
on the plans.
Station 737-743
Curve data for #48 or Off. Rev. #46 is . acceptable.
Station 743-748
The inside slopes of this curve are stable ledgerock
and gravel soils. Relocate P.1. points #49 and Off. Rev. #47
or use a flatter curve which will relocate the center 'line approximately 20' west of the 14° or 18° alignment.
The reason for this
is to protect the riparian habitat.
Station 748-757 - The 12°30' curve would cause excessive impact on the
river. The P.I. should be relocated 15' to 30' north along the
tangent line leading to coordinate point #50 and then use a 14°
curve. This change should allow the curve to fallon about the
same location- as the 18° curve and reduce the impact on the river.
It should also reduce the amount of retaining structure. The
retaining structure should be of Rock Rip Rap and not a concrete
wall. Retaining wall should be used on the north edge of the
road below Logan cave·. The waterfall feature should be designed
to enhance the fall rather than hide it.
Station 757-775 - Develop parking at Station 761 and provide safe highway crossing to Logan Cave. At Station 768 use the 14° curve at
coordinate point If519,422.325,El,024,005.507.
Use a through cut.
The access to the summer home at Station 773 is to be maintained.
Some fisherman parking should be developed on the old road bed.
Station 775-780 - Use 50 curve and P.I. point described for Off. Rev.
curve 1151.
Station 780-785 - Use 14° curve and P.I. coordinate data for Off. Rev.
curve #52.
�7
Station 785-792 - Use 14° curve and coordinate point for Off. Rev.
curve tl53.
St.ation 792-800 - Use 14° curve and coordinate point N521,589.423,
El,025,811.651. The abandoned road should be developed as
fisherman parking and as a waste disposal area with the appropriate Landscape Design and treatment. The 12°30' alignment is
a much greater impact on the visual resource.
Station 800-807 - Use 14° curve and P.I. coordinate point N522,483, 530,
El,025,765.054. Remove the old concrete which is presently being
used for Rip Rap. A retainer wall will be needed on this curve.
It should be placed at the existing water's edge.
Station 807-815
Use curve and coordinate point from Off. Rev. #56.
Station 815-825 - Use Off. Rev. li57 ,.,hich is a 9° curve and coordinate
point N523,184.736,E1,027,495.885. The old road between the
creek and the road is to be passable to vehicles ,.,hen construction
is complete. Use retainer walls as appropriate to ~ccomplish.
Station 825-835 - Use 14° curve and P.I. at coordinate point N522,946,
908,El,028,185.936. The 12°30' alignment causes a severe impact
on the cut side.
Station 838-847 - Avoid cutting into the hillside along this section.
The hillsides are unstable and seepages can be expected in the
cut area. The existing cut slopes are to be stabilized using
. rock, drywall-type construction, log cribbing or half bridge may
be acceptable on the fill sides. Fill slopes shall not be allowed
to reach the stream.
Station 847-855 - The proposed center line should be held near the
outside edge of the existing paving to avoid cutting into the
hillside ·which has the potential to unravel long distance up
the slope. The same type of stabilization on the fill slope
as above.
Station 855-865 - This curve should be a 14° curve using the P.I. at
N525,362.518, El,027,858.246. The outside of the curve betl"een
Station 860 and 865 can be used as waste disposal. The limits
of the area used will be established on site.
Station 865 to Rick's Spring will be evaluated ·,.,hen the additional
data is furnished.
�-
I
.
8
Plans Required
The following plans will be required before construction begins.
A Water Quality Management Plan will be developed by U DOT
for approval by the Forest Service. This plan will include;
a) ~!oni toring standards, frequency, intensi ty and qual ifications of monitoring personnel. b) ~Ieasures to be used during
construction to maintain the existing water quality standard.
c) Turbidity and other standards which will be met during con- .
struction. ~lacroinvertebeate analysis should be utilized
before, during and after construction .
. . 2.
An Erosion Control, Revegetation, Landscaping plan will be prepared by the state and approved by the Forest Service prior to
contruction. This ' plan will include plant species, location,
quantity and quality. It will specify erosion control techniques such as cribbing, jute netting, etc. by location. It
will discuss the handling of slope blending, rock features, etc.
The following is offered as an aid and guide in developing a
landscape plan.
Before construction begins the shaping and revegetation of disposal or
waste sites must be designed and planned to assure a natural appearance
occurs in these areas. Several waste disposal sit e s were evaluated.
They are:
1.
2.
Flat on outside curve above Ricks Spring.
4.
.
Wood Camp HollO\v (See November 18, 1976 Analysis by Clark
Ostergaard, attached).
3.
.
Gus Lind Flat.
On hill below lower Twin Bridges (north of road).
impacts are severe at this site .
s.
Across from Preston Valley Picnic Area upstream from the
waste area used in construction of the io\ver portions of
the road. It is in full view of Highway .
6.
Twin Creek Corrals, which is 3 miles up canyon from Ricks
Spring. The disposal could be completely screened from
the Highway and a road exists.
Visual
The T\vin Creek Corrals site appears to be the most favorable site
at this time and U DOT should consider the economics of using this
site. An Environmental Analysis will be the basis for selectirig
the site to be used .. ~ ___
t- ._" ~
>
+_
.~~"~
�·'
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURAL
..
Environmental Analysis Report
for
0-7
Old juniper Trailhead
,
Da te
_-LlA~lo~\,,--r~[BIo·., .L...:.-:~/-=-q~..:........:6=-_ _
·
.r'
1. _ _ _ __
�The proposed ne\"1 trailhead for Old Juniper should have a capacity large
enough to serve the high country around Mt. Elmer. An estimated 20
vehicles should be able to park at the trailhead. Because of the size
needed for such a :facility, only four possible sites exist within the
Wood Camp ~ollow area. These possible sites are shown on the attached
map . The new trailhead should also provide for resource protection
by controlling ORV use that presently exists in the drainage.
I
•
The following is an evaluation of ·each of the four possible sites:
1•
This site is located at the mouth of Wood Camp Hollov/ and is
presently being used as a trailhead. If this site is the final
location, additional parking space will be needed. Additional
space could be gained by one of two possible ways.
a.
Fill the are~ south of the existing lot next to the stream.
This could be accompl ished by using the site as a waste .
area for the highway department when they are working on
the Logan Canyon High\vay. The main advantage to this \'JQuld
be little cost to the Forest Service and no cutting of the
hillside at the site would be required. The main disadvantage would be the covering of a small grassy area next to
the stream.
b.
Th~
area west of the existing lot could be leveled by
cutting the hillside, making the lot .10nger. The main
advantage to ihis would be total control of the activity.
It could be done force account or by contract . . The main
disadvantage would be exposure ~f raw cut banks that would
. be a problem to revegetate.
Other advantages of site #1 is the closeness to Logan Canyon
Highway requiring only a short distance of road. It would also
be a good location to control (barrier) ORVis.
2.
This site is located on a flat where ~ right-hand fork intersects
Wood Camp Hollow. The greatest advantage to development of this
site is its size and level topography, thus requiring only a
small amount of grading. The main disadvantages of the site are:
a.
b.
3.
The site is open making control of ORV's more costly and
difficult.
One-half mile would have to be rebuilt to get to the site.
This site is located at the point where the old eiisting road
fords the stream.
The main advantage to the site is that it is closer to Old
Juniper and the high country. The disadvantages are the mile
of new road needed to get to the site ~nd the lack of natural
I.
t'
I
�topography large enough for the needed parking lot) thus requiring
large cuts and fills. Control of ORVIs would be a ~roblem along
the access road to this site"because of the distance and ~rcas of
open country.
4.
This site is located at the beginning of the Old Juniper Trail
and at the end of the old existing road. This location is the
closest possible site to Old Juniper. The problem with the
site is the 10%+ slope ·and lack of space to put in a suitable
parking lot without having · to do a great deal of site disturbance.
Distance again from Logan Canyon (about 2 miles) is a disadvantage as well as ORV control along the access.
It is recommended that site #1 be developed filljn~ the area south
of the existing parking lot for the needed .expansion.
I· .
��,
rEconstr~ctLon
The
tix~
to
ppbl~C"
period should be li~ ~ted to a ~ini~u D of contract
construction safety hazar~s and inconvenLence to the
and to fac:j. lita°l:e proJIpt stabiliza tJ.on 02 c.ut and fill Elopes.
~iniDize
T~1e!:'e
,... ill be a ne2G to 0.cvelo·p a wori:" road to the pr:::>;;>oseeJ ~..:aste area
Ei te.
ThE lo~ation and llaintEnancE 'Would l'Eql! .,..re that adc:quat2 can·stcJeratlO:l bE given to sa::;.l stability and aesthetIc valuEs.
l"irE
Logan Cflnyon is a potent tally dangerous fi.re hazard area because of the
dense fol!.age on the valley floor ane the 80rl1pt slope on each side of
thE canyon. Road conE!-crr'. ction process ~ol J.ll generate additional risl::
iran EquJ.p~!l~nt operations} slash burning, cJogarettE sJlol{ers, 'tolarlling
fires} blasting) etc. This will require the contractor ta develop and
prectice an intensive f1re prevent10n and presuppression progran Yith
h.i.S people.
Fire resis-cailt plant species to Eta~)ilize CL~t and fill
slOPeS '\-nll rEduce the lire danger in thE canyon subsequent to constru~tion _
The use of a chipper to d5.spose o.f leaves ano. branches and stockpiling
o
tTEE trunks fo:r callpgrounc1 use ,",auld rec~uce fire risk cons idErably >
and at the sa~e ti~e avoid air pollutian fro~ burn~ng green slash.
If there should be. any burning operations> they should b~ coordinated
with fire danger' and poll!. tion indexes to Jlini~ize pollL!t Lon hazards.
;
BurnIng operations must also confor~ to th2 a~praved project f~re
prevent :.on and presup-press:!..oll plan .
Special and Functional Considerations
1.
The stcpp5.ng slope !I1ethoc1 or soJ}e sl:nila:i.~ :nethod of constrl~. ction
TJay be best suited to sta;)ilizing SO:lle of the longer cuts sllch as
will be :nade In Stations 6r-(8) 689> 681, Dne 703 ..
2.
StreaTlqank vEgetation aiay be preserved b::- leaving It intact rather ·
than clearIng and then carefully placing riprap to avoid destruction
of trees and brush or by using gabions between a strip of vegetation
on the river edge and un0er the outs ide edge of the high-Hay.
0
3.
Keep silt da=nage to a 31inLnu:n pursuant to the worl~ of construct:Lon
01: br iQge footings anc1 support1ng Etruci.:ures. · The river diverslon
oall should be !I1ade by plac.tng coarse clEan rock :i.nto the strea:n
initially and bac~::ing "\-lith .finer l1C!tc:!" ::.als to develop the degree or
tightness needed. When the divers10~ da=n is r€~ovedl the finer
llate:;~ials . hould be re'l1ovec1 first follo:..Jec. by re.lloval of' coarse
s
rock and restoration of nor~al rl..ver channel and strea31 1'101;01. llat~r
heavily ladened with ~ud, silt, or CEll-2ilt sho~~lc1 not be pn.nped £"1'011
the "Worl.· arEa dil· ectl~r into the r:.i. ver bl~t shoL!ld be settled or
filtered out first.
~.
A Forest Offl.cer should be assigneD to the hlghway c~llstr~ction
project to insure resource protect~o a21 ane that p:-coper lntErp:-o
e"tatl.on
and coor{"iination j. E obtained thrC>l!gho~.~t th2 ent5re construction
pEriod.
�5.
. "
The FOl'cst Offlcer in charge ,\-1111 be notj.f ieQ at least a day in
advance of CQnstrL~ct.LOn equip:nent that ts te> be pL1t te>
river preparing for bridge f03tin3s) etc.
"/or1~
t!1 thE
6.
Rf'spons5.btlit:,· !IE~st oe ~~ixeG betuE2n the For-est S::-rVl.CE and the
·
Utah Sta'~e H'.gh'<lay Th.: 9artxent for the c0nt .i.nL~ed ~naintenanC:E anC!
cleanL!p of road sEctions left tntact far access or rEcreatLon
fishEl~:nen and phatogra~)hEi' parki.ng.
7
Blast~~ng procedures that slip rocl~ uo\Vn :I1L1st De used to avoi.d
offsite destr~~ction.
This Hould prevent rocl~ and dEbris fron
falling into the riVEr, c1ana.ge to trees and vegetatj.o~, and avoi.d
long periods of traff':o.c tie··up.
8.
Hauling o.r waste J1.ater}.als over the Hood Ca:np Bridge :nust conf'oI':l1
to load lillits -prescri.bec by the Fcn-est Officer in charge.
>
Pione~r:i.ng
ai' the road r::'ght-of-way clearing should begin at the
lower slope stal:e elEvations ",here :)()ss:i.ble or partl.cularly in the
vlc:lnity of road S'tations bT8> 63-·; ; 6~·:1, anel 703. This 'E.ll g~ve
the pre>ject engineer and Forest OffiC:Er in charge an oP?artL!nity
to deter~ine whether subsl.!Tface leager~c~ will be encountered
'Wh~ch 'Hill :oake it possible to avoid longEr and higher ~l()pe ct~ts
and vegetati()n re~oval.
.
.
~ 10.
Special Use PErllits will be isstled foJ.~ (;onstl'uction
ivities outslde the road right-of··'-lay .
TelC!t~·c~
act--
. 11.
12.
B.
Steep and high slope (:uts can b~ rEc1L:C:ECl by constructing "lith curu
and gutter sections instead of us~tig reZl.!lar d1tch widths.
The State Hightolay Depart:nent will rei]l~.)t,:rse the Forest Service for
cost of relocation and develop~ent of tW3 recreation units lost by
high~.,ay construct :'.on tn. the China RO'·l picnj.c site ~
Unavoidable Adverse
Environ~ental
Effects
It is reasonable to antici:2ate a cUJ1ulatively · s:;_gnLfican't i:npact on the
envj.ron~ent
of
llent project.
L~gan
Canyon as a
re~ult
of thE proposed highT" ay illproV'e-
The ~ost significant 10ng~t€rll effect of the pro~ie(:t ',1 ill be an i:npair··
:CEnt of natl~ral beauty resulting rroll the l 'oad (;U-CS on thE l10unta inside.
The encroach~ent onto the river will be less significant, and w~ll
consist of l;.!nited strea.:nside vegetatIon re:11oval and the 5.nstallation
0:::- br5.dge colu:nns.
t:.~:: ":"I·'':!·'!':: \~i4'.L, t:!~.J;~!;·-:::
. P:)tential illpacts have Deen significantly rEc1uced by a decade o:~'
l.i1terc1isciplinar~! envil'on~(}ental stud:t.es anc~ planning.
There have also
been .11any reVie\lS that haVe resulted :In changes and re·fine~ents of the
road design.
�Reco~tr,endations
.
r
o"
1.
Approve tte project subject to the functional considerations and
the folloyl ine rc:co~n:nendations .
. 2. . Control adverse disturbance to ",lateY quality) soil, vegetat ion and
aesthetic values.
3.
Control runoff on cut and fill slopes and
erosion and silting of Logan River.
4.
Take Pl'OTpt action to stabilize soil and restore ground cover on
disturbed areas.
5.
Control noxious 'Heeds on cut and fill slopes and disturbed areas
until desirable ground cover is adequate to do the job . .
6.
Rerr.ove the topsoil) stockpile and replace topsoil on disturbed
areas suitable f'or revegetation.
7.
Take
pro~pt
ro~d
surface to
~ini~ize
action to stabilize material in fissures and narrol'I'
dra'-ls between ver~ical ledgerock outcrors and above slope cuts ..
8.
Provide satisfactory ~neasures to curb erosion at the inlets and
outlets of culverts and around bridge footings.
9.
Design and install drainage structures to handle peak flows.
10.
11.
Disturb no ground surface outside of c· earing stake lillit \-lithout
l
pripr approval of the forest officer in charge.
Provide adequate drainage to ~nn~JllZe c1a~ge frb~n sloughing or :nud
encountered in the construction at spring and bog areas.
f1o~vs
flo~'l '
12.
Protect natural strea.ll veloei ties anCi
processes.
during constr1,lction
13..
Provide protection of existing and potential recreation sites f'ro:a
undue construct ion i!llpact s ..
14.
Regulate construction activities and i~pacts to facilitate public
recreation use.
15 . .
}'~intain
16.
Avoid Logan River channel changes.
17.
Landscape disturbed areas to restore aesthetics.
18.
l.ark trees to be preserved bordering the highYlay clearing li:ni ts
where they are not safety hazards und it is possible to work the
Equip~ent around the~.
suitable access during and follo~" ing construction to special.
use areas, fisher:nan and photographer turnouts, and recrea-tion sites.
�,.
..
.'
"
-.)0 ~
19.
Properly dispose of stu:'}ps, slash, and debris created by construction
activities.
20.
Cut trees taken out to 8-foot lengths or shorter the n s tockpile at
designated sites for use in ca~pgrounds.
21.
Develop roadside turnouts and parking areas in the vicinity of highway survey stations 609, 618, 666)675,69 8 , 706} 713) 725) 755, 761~
763} 769, 770, 793, 796} 802, 809, 810, 821, 835·
22.
Preserve the Cilina ROH Spring and provide roadside turnout space
for two auto~obiles.
23.
Design suitable access into the neH
high~"ay
at the follovling locations:
b.
\{ood
·c.
Ca~p
CottonHood Canyon Recreation
Site
Brachiopod SUJ11::er Recreation
Residence Area
f.
Right Fork Road Junction
d.
e.
a.
~\lin
Recreation Site
Logan Cave Parking
Bridges Re'creation Site
24.
Have contractor provide adequate llaste and garbage disposal . for pro-.
ject personnel and construction activities.
25..
Treat abandonEG road sections by scul,~:rc uring and revegetating to
restore to a near natural condition.
26.
Cut stu~ps to the ground surface llhere visible i'rom the highHay and
areas of public use.
27.
Frovide for access
Canyon Cave.
28..
Treat road~" ay to keep dust settled both day and night during the
construction period.
29..
Keep construction noises to a
and special use sites.
30.
Keep air pollution fro~ construction activities within
prescribed environ~ental quality controls.
31.
futigate
32.
lflitigate the i:npact to '-lildlife and Ylildlife habitat.
33..
Keep oil) grease, and chemicals originat ing fro!1l construct ion and
~aintenance activities and operations out of LDgan River.
34..
P-.cotect tree overhang without creat ing a road hazard ..
:fro~the
encroach~ent
CottonHood Parking Area to the Logan
~iniT.u~
in the vicinity of recreation
li~its
or
daTage to fisheries habitat.
�.. -
•
I
.,
, 5. "
3
..
Keep
construction equipJ2ent llork in the river to an absolute !JinLnu:n.
I ,.
f
t ':
,36.
Protect and replac e signs and other
construction activities.
il1prove~ents
disturbed by the
~
i
i
i ;
3'T.
Construct all cut and fill slopes s ubj ect to erosion 2:1 or flatter
yhere topographic conditions permit.
38.
Protect or reference legal land Tarkers.
39 .
Locate and utilize 'Hort caT.p areas, equip:nent, and supply yards to
protect aesthetics and to avoid conflict 1-1ith pub~ic activity and
reSO'.lrcc -,,"8.1ue s .
40.
Re move surplus ~aterial froll road cuts and deposit it at the 'Haste
site designated.
I
41.
7.~.covide
h·2 .
Properly sign to protect and inforJl the public.
1~3.
Provide well . :nanaged detours for public convenience and Forest
Service ad~inistration.
1~!~.
Confine construction and restoration activities to a
tiT.E.
45.
Construction equip~entJ crusher and ~lxlng plant must be equipped
with- effective mufflers, spark arrestors) screens and filters.
46.
Locate and develop 'Hork roads and access "lhich fully provide for
soil stability and aesthetic values.
l~7.
Protect resource values fro~ increased fire hazards during construction.
h8.
Revegetate disturbed areas with perennial plants to ~inimize fire
hazards.
49.
Protect residual vegetation vlhere burning right-of-way slash and
debris cannot be avoided.
50.
Coordinate burning operations with the burning and pollution indexes.
51.
Keep high",ay guardrailing to a
52.
Keep storage and stockpiling of construction
road ri ght-of -",'lay •
53.
for public ss.fety in location) design and construction
operation.
~inLnu~
!nini~uJ1
contract
consistent vTith public safety.
~aterials
within the
Along riprapped sections replant r,illo"\'ls or other suitable species
are not particularly attractive to grazing by big ga~e.
~lhich
,
r~
i
!
I
�
Text
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<a href="http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/highway89/id/119">http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/highway89/id/119</a>
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Title
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Evaluation of preconstruction and environmental analysis
Description
An account of the resource
Evaluation of preconstruction of Logan Canyon including diagrams of the suggested widening of lanes and a detailed list of stations and their modifications. Also included is an environmental analysis report for Old Juniper Trailhead by Clark Ostergard.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
St. John, Chandler P.
Contributor
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Ostergard, Clark
Subject
The topic of the resource
Logan Canyon (Utah)
Traffic engineering
Roadside improvement--Utah--Logan Canyon
Medium
The material or physical carrier of the resource.
Administrative records
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1979-09-26
Spatial Coverage
Spatial characteristics of the resource.
Ogden (Utah)
Utah
Weber County (Utah)
United States
Logan Canyon (Utah)
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1970-1979
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Sierra Club, Utah Chapter Archives, 1972-1986, COLL MSS 148 Series VIII Box 28 Folder 8
Is Referenced By
A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource.
View the inventory for this collection at: <a href="http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv03390">http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv03390</a>
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Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663.
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Highway 89 Digital Collections
Type
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Text
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application/pdf
Identifier
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MSS148VIIIB28_Fd8_Page_21.pdf
Highway 89;
-
http://highway89.org/files/original/e92ce953793d55d106d841e5c58d9456.pdf
555732295b5f4e2eccd68c1919b4515a
PDF Text
Text
•
655 Canyon Road
Logan, UT 84321
June 13, 1979
Gary Lindley, Engineer
District No.1 Engineer's Office
Utah Department of Transportation
128 17th street
Ogden, UT 84404
Dear Mr. ' Lindley:
I write on behalf of Citi~ens for the Protection
of Logan Canyon. ~ As you might guess from our title, we
are concerned about the proposed realignment of US 89 in
~ogan Canyon, from the Right Fork to Ricks Springs.
We would like ' very much to meet with you on June 22,
wh'e n you come to Logan to meet wi th your advisory commi ttee.
We can arrange a meeting for the afternoon of that day, ina
' room on the USU campus. We would like to see your slides on
the proposed alignment changes, and view your maps.
We understand that the UDOT is not tnterested in public
involvement at this stage; however, we believe that the question
o-f whether an EAR or a EIS is performed, is a very crucial matter
Dn which the public should be involved. We don't want to jump
' into 'this matter without complete information; therefore, could
you possibly supply us with (1) copies of the slides referred
to above; (2) copies of maps indicating the proposed alignment
.1,
changes; (3) statistics on traffic volume and accident rates in
Logan Canyon; (4) any other pertinent information, such as cost• . per-mile estimates, contacts or agreements made between UDOT and ~
the Utah Division of Wildlife · Resources and the U.S. Forest
...--,--",;1
Service. Ideally, we would like to be brought completely up to
date on the whole project. One of our major concerns is that the
citi~en representative on your Logan advisory group is on record
as favoring a realignment; thus we feel that for balance, UDOT
ought to be aware that this person does not necessarily represent
the populace of Cache Valley.
.
My phone numbers are (home) 752-6571; (office) 752-4100, ext.
7514. Please fe.el free to call. We are very much interested -in
. making contact with the UDOT and in taking part in whatever happens in Logan Canyon.
. .....,
t
Sincerely,
t11",~1V7
J.
~~
Thomas J. ~on' -,
cc: Citi~ens for the Protection of Logan Canydn
,
Governor Scott Matheson
�-2There is an advisory committee to the UDOT, but it has
apparently concurred in the Department's wishes. However, the
only "citizen" member of the committee is Tod Weston, a Cache
County developer who would be in favor of any sort of development, anywhere.
Somehow, the Federal Highway Administration
ought to be made aware that "citizens" --some of them--do oppose
this highway project and are not being represented.
If you think it · might do any good, I'll send along a copy
of the safety study.
Ifm a bit nervous about this project,- because three weeks
ago, the UDOT announced that nothing would be done on Logan
Canyon for at least a year. Then suddenly they called a meeting
(Tuesday last; school was over Saturday) and according to the
reporter who covered the meeting, the highway project is now
full steam ahead. -I'm worried they wiJl try to get final approval, without an Environmental Impact Statement,while "nobody"
is around to fight them.
.best wishes,
l-tr//f/\
Tom Lyon
t .
�
Text
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<a href="http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/highway89/id/117">http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/highway89/id/117</a>
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Title
A name given to the resource
Correspondence from Thomas Lyon to Gary Lindley, June 13, 1979
Description
An account of the resource
Correspondence from Thomas Lyon to Gary Lindley requesting information from the Utah Department of Transportation concerning the progress of the suggestions made about changing Logan Canyon and the concerns about a proper representation of the citizens' opinions about such changes.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Lyon, Thomas J.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Logan Canyon (Utah)
Roadside improvement--Utah--Logan Canyon
Citizens for the Protection of Logan Canyon
Utah. Department of Transportation
Medium
The material or physical carrier of the resource.
Administrative records
Correspondence
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Utah. Department of Transportation
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1979-06-13
Spatial Coverage
Spatial characteristics of the resource.
Logan Canyon (Utah)
Cache County (Utah)
Utah
United States
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1970-1979
20th century
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Sierra Club, Utah Chapter Archives, 1972-1986, COLL MSS 148 Series VIII Box 28 Folder 8
Is Referenced By
A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource.
View the inventory for this collection at: <a href="http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv03390">http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv03390</a>
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10 River Court Parkway, N. W.
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Title
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Correspondence from Jo Jones, December 6, 1979
Description
An account of the resource
Correspondence from Jo Jones to Brian addressing his concerns and giving him the names and locations of people to contact to ensure than an EIS is produced
Creator
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Jones, Jo
Subject
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Government agencies
Sierra Club. Utah Chapter
Medium
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Correspondence
Date
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1979-12-06
Spatial Coverage
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Logan Canyon (Utah)
Utah
United States
Temporal Coverage
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1970-1979
20th century
Language
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eng
Source
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Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Sierra Club, Utah Chapter Archives, 1972-1986, COLL MSS 148 Series VIII Box 28 Folder 12
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View the inventory for this collection at: <a href="http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv03390">http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv03390</a>
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Highway 89 Digital Collections
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MSS148VIIIB28_Fd12_Page_2.pdf
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IleD--ar
D£e 1 3 1979 - - -..~ _
__
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT"
DEPARTMENT OF
TRANSPORTAJIO~
FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADM INISTRATION
-}'1eJ'11oraJlclztm-
Utah Division
DATE:
I
SUBJECT:
Project No. F-02l-1(4) Logar Canyon
December 10, 1979
In reply
refer to:
HBR-UT
Right Hand Fork to Ricks SPr ing
I
FROM
I
~ '-
Division Administrator
Salt Lake City, Utah 84147
\
TO
08-LE
Mr. William D. Hurley, P.E.
Director- of Transportation
Salt Lake City, Utah 84147
I
I
I
I
I
Reference is made - o -the category assignment for the proposed subj ectt
project.
In accordance with the Federal-aid Highway Program Hanua-l 7-7-2 (f), a
review of the nonmajor classification has been made.
Because- of the
scope of the project, the number of Congressional and public inquiries
received and the apparent opposition to the -proposed project based
on environment~l considerations, it has been determined that this can
no longer be considered a - nonrnajor -action.
Consequently, the nonmajor,
category III assignment concurred in by the Federal Highway Administration
on April 5, 1979, is hereby withdrawn.
I
I
,,
"
i f
, } ',
~,
As you are well aware, all new environmental actions are controlled by
the Department of Transportation's (DOT) Order number 5610.1C i~sued
in final form September 18, 1979, and the Council on Environmental
Quality (CEQ) Regulations which became effective on November 30, 1979.
This project now falls under the control of these two regulations for
all applicable environment actions and will be processed as a major
action.
We will be available to discuss this if there are any further questions.
I_
Ge orge -W. - Bohn, P.E.
)
�
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Title
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Correspondence from George Bohn to William Hurley, December 10, 1979
Description
An account of the resource
Correspondence from George Bohn to William Hurley explaining the category assignment of the Logan Canyon project from nonmajor to major and that environmental actions are under CEQ and DOT.
Creator
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Bohn, George W.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Government agencies
Environmental policy
Logan Canyon (Utah)
Medium
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Correspondence
Administrative records
Publisher
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Utah. Department of Transportation
Date
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1979-12-10
Spatial Coverage
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Utah
United States
Logan Canyon (Utah)
Cache County (Utah)
Temporal Coverage
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1970-1979
20th century
Language
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eng
Source
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Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Sierra Club, Utah Chapter Archives, 1972-1986, COLL MSS 148 Series VIII Box 28 Folder 8
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View the inventory for this collection at: <a href="http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv03390">http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv03390</a>
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Highway 89 Digital Collections
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MSS148VIIIB28_Fd8_Page_11.pdf
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c9bb8b13fcab0b986ab316e8551c42d9
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Text
SIERRA CLUB
Utah Chapter .
93 East 1st South
LOjan, Utah 84321
November 21 , 1979
(801) 753-0987
ARCHES NATL. PARK by Karen Vendell
George W. Bahn
Diy~sion Administrator
Federal Highway Administration
P. O. Box 11563
Salt Lake City, utah 84147
Proposed Construction Activities in Logan Canyon, Utah
HE :
Dear Mr. 13ohn:
The utah Chaptee Sierra Club is concerned about proposed construction in Logan
Canyon, Utah. Present plans call for widening of the existing highway. We are particularly concerned with compliance under the N
ational Environmental Policy Act.
As I understand the situation your office has decicied to change Logan Canyon from
a Category I (environmentally sensitive) designation to a Category III designation; the
Category III designation means that the area is not environmentally sensitive. This
decision allows the Utah Department of Transportation to proceed with construction without the preperation of an Environmental Statement.
Under Council on Environmental Quality Regulations for compliance with NEPA an
environmental as se 'sment is regularly prepared on all federal actions. This brief review of environmenc.a.l impacts is uSed to determine i f an Environmental Irrrt-act Statemen:'
is neen~d or not needed.
The Utah Department of Transportation has stated publicly
several times that they ~ill r~t need an Environmental Statement for construction activities. However , they do not plan to release the environmental ~ ssessment until Jhe
spring of .'1980. The Sierra Club is now investigating this apparent violation of public
law. Answers to the following items will help tis in obtaining a better understanding
of the pr.)ject.
1.
{hen did your office decide to change Logan Canyon from a Category I designation to a Category III designation? How was the public involved in this
decision making process?
When was this decision announced to the public?
�George
\~ .
Nove ~ ber
Bohn
21, 1979
Page two
2.
3.
lS
lnfornation on the Utah Depart~ent of Transportation Regulations f or
compliance with rWA ':vcu~d be appreciated; and
H O~I can the Utah Department of Transportation oo:nply vlith the C~ rezulat ions'
when they have decided an Environmental statement is not needed. even though
the environmental assessment has not been prepared?
Be.cause of the timely nature of this matter a response
reque sted.
Sincere
(-\/
~oJithin
•
"
· ~~i~
Brian .3eard
President
Utah Chapter Sierra Club
cc:
Craig Rayle
Jo Jo Jones
Brant Calkin
Anthony Ruckel
Esq.
ten working days
�
Text
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Title
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Correspondence from Brian Beard to George Bohn, November 21, 1979
Description
An account of the resource
Correspondence from Brian Beard to George Bohn requesting that any and all information regarding Utah Department of Transportation's compliance with NEPA be sent for review, espeicially as to why Logan Canyon was removed from a Category I and put in Category III for environmental sensitivity.
Creator
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Beard, Brian
Contributor
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Vendell, Karen
Subject
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Environmental policy
Government agencies
Logan Canyon (Utah)
Sierra Club. Utah Chapter
Medium
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Correspondence
Administrative records
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1979-11-21
Spatial Coverage
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Utah
United States
Logan Canyon (Utah)
Cache County (Utah)
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1970-1979
20th century
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Sierra Club, Utah Chapter Archives, 1972-1986, COLL MSS 148 Series VIII Box 28 Folder 8
Is Referenced By
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View the inventory for this collection at: <a href="http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv03390">http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv03390</a>
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Highway 89 Digital Collections
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Text
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MSS148VIIIB28_Fd8_Page_18.pdf
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921fa5f151582bac03aa624877d1cc1b
PDF Text
Text
..
'
UNITED STATES DEPARTME N T O F AGRICU LTURE
FOREST SERVICE
Logan Ranger District
P.O. Box 448
Logan, Utah 84321
7730
November 26, 1979
Brian Beard
93 East 100 South
Logan, Utah 84321
L
Dear Brian:
I received your inquiry today regarding the proposed 3rd phase
reconstruction of the Logan Canyon Highway.
In reply to your questions:
1.
Ricks Springs Campground Development proposed.
No, we do not plan to construct a campground at Ricks Springs
in conjunction with the Logan Canyon Highway proposal.
Yes, there is an inventoried recreation site on the opposite
side of the Logan River at Ricks Springs. The site was selected back in the NFRS Inventory done in 1962. There has
been no site plan developed for recreation development there;
however, by our management we are protecting the inventoried
recreation site to prevent loss of resource values per chance
there may one day be a need to develop the site.
There has been some rough draft planning to protect and enhance
public safety at the Ricks Springs Natural Feature. There is
no approved plan for undertaking any development as yet.
2.
Wood Camp Hollow Campground proposed.
No, we do not plan to construct a campground in Wood Camp
Hollow in conjunction with the proposed highway improvement
program.
Yes, there is an inventoried recreation site in Wood Camp
Hollow. It was also selected in the NFRS Inventory completed
back in 1962. There is no detailed plan for development as
yet, and there are not, now at least, any plans for development.
Yes, there was a preliminary ground survey made in Wood Camp
Hollow for an improved access road up to the Old Juniper Trailhead. As I recall, the survey was done in 1969. There are
still one or two engineering survey pegs in the ground there.
The bridge that crosses Logan River at Wood Camp and the construction of the Old Juniper Trail were part of the recreation
development originally programmed for public outdoor recreation
6Z0 0-11 (1 /69)
�development within the Logan Canyon Recreation Complex. It
was also originally planned that overburden from the proposed
3rd phase Logan Canyon Highway improvement project would partially be utilized in developing the Old Juniper Trailhead
access road. This road was a part of the resource evaluations
considered with the Environmental Analysis Report done by the
F.S. on the 3rd phase of the Logan Canyon Highway back in 1973.
3.
Disposal of fill material?
During the evaluation processes of the upgrading of the Logan
Canyon Highway we have always been concerned about disposal
of overburden and excess cut material. You may already be
familiar with uses that were made of excess material from the
previous phase. Some clean rock was used to stabilize the
river channel bank, some rock was used to reestablish the
stream hydrology as in the lower box culvert below the Big Hole.
Some rock was used to enhance fisheries. Top soil was saved
and put back on cut slopes for better establishment of vegetative ground cover. Some excess material was used to surface
portions of the Cowley Canyon forest road, and of course a
great deal of cut material went back into Logan Canyon Highway
road itself. Any material in excess was wasted in the "Grubic
Mountain" where it was molded and landscaped to a near natural
land form.
Possible uses of overburden and excess cut material from the
proposed 3rd phase Highway Improvement program may be similar
or hauled out of the canyon. We have looked at and are still
looking at possible beneficial uses should the road work be
undertaken.
The Cowley Canyon road could benefit from additional material
to improve the driving surface as well as to lift the road
above the drainage channel and improve water quality. There
may also be a similar opportunity for improvement to the
Temple Fork road. There may also be an opportunity to utilize
clean rock to stabilize stream channels in Logan Canyon and
side drainages. Perhaps the fisheries of Logan River, Right
Fork, and Temple Fork could be improved with appropriately
designed structures utilizing clean rock. The re may be other
uses as well, but environmental assessments of each would be
necessary before any undertaking. The same with any actual
waste sites selected. Some waste disposal sites looked at to
date include the Twin Bridges, both the upper and lower end;
the Wood Camp area, mentioned earlier; the draw immediately
below the lower of the Twin Bridges; and the bench at the present site of the Logan Cattle Allotment corral are a few of the
possible waste sites looked at. There has been no definite
selection as yet and there would be an environmental assessment
made to determine if there is an appropr~ate waste site.
4.
Compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act.
Environmental assessments will be prepared to meet the National
Environmental Policy Act for any project we propose to undertake
that will have significant resource impact. As I have previously
stated, there are no plans to develop either Wood Camp or Ricks
Springs in conjunction with the proposed Logan Canyon Highway
�project. As a matter of fact, I do not see any development
for these areas in the forseeable future.
We have asked our Fisheries Biologist and Hydrologist to study
the Logan River, Temple Fork, and Right Fork Streams to determine whether there could be something done to improve the fish
pool-riffle ratios and to stabilize the stream banks to improve
water quality. Should these studies suggest the opportunity
for improvement we will do an environmental assessment to
determine feasibility before any undertaking. These will be
made available to you for your input.
We are now in the process of responding to the Utah Department
of Transportations most recent plan and design for the proposed
3rd phase of Logan Canyon Highway Improvement. A copy of this
will be made available to you.
I appreciate your personal interest and the interests of the Sierra
Club in protecting the resource values of Logan Canyon. I solicit
your input in al~ proposed activities involving National Forest
lands of the Logan Ranger District.
I am equally concerned for your support of proper and wise use of
all lands within and adjacent to the National Forest lands regardless
of ownership. Periodically there are proposals and activities in
the private and state sector within the National Forest Boundary
that could adversely change the values and uses of the forest. I
am sure the county and state planners and administrators would
welcome your input and support as well.
Should you have any questions regarding this reply, please get in
touch.
Sincerely,
District Forest Ranger
�
Text
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<a href="http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/highway89/id/109">http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/highway89/id/109</a>
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Title
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Correspondence from M.J. Roberts to Brian Beard, November 26, 1979
Description
An account of the resource
Correspondence from M.J. Roberts to Brian Beard regarding the proposed 3rd phase reconstruction of the Logan Canyon Highway mentioning that no campgrouds will be built at Ricks Springs or Wood Camp Hollow, how fill material will be disposed of, and stating compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act.
Creator
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Roberts, M.J.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Logan Canyon (Utah)
Public lands--Utah--Logan Canyon
Medium
The material or physical carrier of the resource.
Correspondence
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1979-11-26
Spatial Coverage
Spatial characteristics of the resource.
Logan Canyon (Utah)
Cache County (Utah)
Utah
United States
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1970-1979
20th century
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Sierra Club, Utah Chapter Archives, 1972-1986, COLL MSS 148 Series VIII Box 28 Folder 8
Is Referenced By
A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource.
View the inventory for this collection at: <a href="http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv03390">http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv03390</a>
Rights
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Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663.
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Highway 89 Digital Collections
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Text
Format
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application/pdf
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MSS148VIIIB28_Fd8_Page_1.pdf
Highway 89;
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b23f205700019fc5d4421366bc1e918b
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Text
SIERRA CLUB
Utah Chapter
93 East 1st South
Logan, Utah g4321
Novemoer 21, 1979
(801) 753-iJ987
ARCHES NATL. PARK
by
Karen Vendell
Gary Lindley, Engineer
District No.1 Engineer's Office
Utah Department of Transportation
128 17th st_eet
Ogden, Utah 84404
HE:
Proposed construction activities in Logan Canyon.
Dear Mr. Lindley:
I have recently talked with Craig Rayle, and others concerning the proposed highway
construction activitae.s in Logan Canyon. The Sierra Cluo is concerned about actions ta _en
_
to date by the utah Department of Transportation in efforts to comply with the National
Environmental Policy Act. The purpose of this letter is to obtain answers to quest i ons
we have about NEPA com
pliance decisions. A rep~ to the following it~ms is requested.
1.
re are an Environmental
act Statement
Section 1501.4 c of the Council on Environmental Quality Regulations for implementting the Procedural Provisions of the National Environmental Policy Act (hereafter called
C~ NEPA Regulations) reads, Federal agencies shall:
"
Based on the environmental assessment make its determination whether
to prepare an environmental impact statement."
As I understand the current situation your office has determined that an Environmental statement is not necessary for construction of the Logan Canyon HighW
ay. However,
this decision was made prior to preperation of the environmental assessment; the assessment is to be released in the Spring of 1980.
This reversal of decisions appears to
be contrary to the ~ NEPA regulations.
Has your office decided that an environmental
impact statement is not needed for construction of the Lo5 an Canyon Highway from Right
Hand Fork to Ricks Spring? Is the environmental assessment 10 be finalized in t he spring
of 1980?
�Mr. Lindley
ovember 21 , 1979
Page two
nificant
act
of the C~ NEPA Regulations reads Federal agencies shall:
2.
" Prepare a finding of no significant impact if the , agency determines
on the basis of the environmental assessme~t pot to prepare a statement.
It
(1) The agency shall make the finding of no significant impact available to the affect public as specified in Section 15.6.6"
The Utah Chapter Sierra
impact" as noted above.
3. Public
Section
C~ub
requests a copy of the "finding of no significant
act
federal agencies shall:
n .. In certain limited circumstances, whi~h the agency may cover in its
procedures ••• make the finding of no significant impact ~vailable for
public review for 30 days before the agency makes its final determination
whether to prepare an environmental impact statement and before the action
may begin. The circumstances are:
" (i) the proposed action is, or is closely similar to, one which normally
requires the preparation of an environmental impact statement under the
procedures adopted by the agency ••• "
Did your office allow for public review of the finding of no significant impact?
When Yias the finding of no significant i:rlpe.ct made? How was the finding of no significant impact made availab~e to the public?
4.
~egmentation of the NEPA Process
Section 1508.27 of the CEQ NEPA Regulat ions reads in part:
ff
Significance cannot be avoided by ter~ing an action temporary or by breaking
it down into small cOllponent Darts ." (Emphasis added.)
The distance frot. Logan C:ity-. - to Bear Lake is approximately 40 mile s • This 40
mile stretch of road includes several miles which have allready been widened. The maj ority of the canyon roaj 15 not wiiened . Your office now plans to widen a stretch
of highway approximately 6.5 miles long, from ight Hand Fork t~ ~icks Spring. Did your
finding of no significant impact include an evaluation of constrction planned from from
aight Hand Fork to Bear Lake, or just an evaluation of the mileage from ight Hand Fork
to Ricks Spring?
Additionally, we are concerned about Forest Service Campgrounds which are associated
with the highway proposal ; specifically food Camp Hollow and Rick Springs campgrounds.
Did the determination that an Environmental Statement was not necessary include the
environ~ental impacts associated with these two campgrounds?
�~r. Lindley
l ovember 21, 19 7 9
Page three
A~~ additional information you can provide which will he l p in understanding compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act will be appreciated.
3ecause of the timely nature of this matter, a response is requested within ten
worki.n6 days.
I look forward to hearing from your office.
cc:
Craig Rayle
Jo Jo
JO ~ le3
Brant Calkin
Anthony uckel
Esq .
�
Text
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Local URL
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<a href="http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/highway89/id/107">http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/highway89/id/107</a>
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2013
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Title
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Correspondence from Brian Beard to Gary Lindley, November 21, 1979
Description
An account of the resource
Correspondence from Brian Beard to Gary Lindley regarding the proposed construction activities in Logan Canyon. The Sierra Club is concerned about UDOT's compliance with NEPA and wants to have an Enviromental Assessment drawn up.
Creator
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Beard, Brian
Subject
The topic of the resource
Logan Canyon (Utah)
Government agencies
Environmental policy
Sierra Club. Utah Chapter
Medium
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Administrative records
Correspondence
Date
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1979-11-21
Spatial Coverage
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Logan Canyon (Utah)
Cache County (Utah)
Utah
United States
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1970-1979
20th century
Language
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eng
Source
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Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Sierra Club, Utah Chapter Archives, 1972-1986, COLL MSS 148 Series VIII Box 28 Folder 8
Is Referenced By
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View the inventory for this collection at: <a href="http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv03390">http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv03390</a>
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Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663.
Is Part Of
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Highway 89 Digital Collections
Type
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Text
Format
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application/pdf
Identifier
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MSS148VIIIB28_Fd8_Page_14.pdf
Highway 89;
-
http://highway89.org/files/original/95c76aee566a1526be638b3a5d6d9ddc.pdf
b8ec6eb75529d43b3121fa89004e367e
PDF Text
Text
LOGAN CANYON HIGHWAY:
DISTRICT
1 OFFICIALS:
GAR'( LINDLEY
DYKE LEFEVRE
LES ABBEY
THE,
UDOT
IMPORTANT NAMES ,
'. UDOT DIS'TRICT , # '1
128 17TH STREET
OGDEN, UT ,84404
PROJECT MANAGEMENT TEAM:
STAT~ OF,FICE BUILDING
SALT LAKE CITy,UT
,
'
GENE STURZNEGGER, LOCATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
ALSO ADVISER TO DISTRICT 1 .
SHERMAN JENSEN, ENVIRONMENTAL AND SPECIAL STUDIES
ALSO CO-ORDINATOR FOR THE UTAH HIGHWAY ENVIRONMENTAL COUNCIL (SEE B~LOW)
J. Q. ADAIR, ROADWAY DESIGN
JIM BRADEN, COMMUNITY RELATIONS DIR~CTOR
LESTER JESTER, TRANSPORTATION PLANNING
HOWARD LATHAM, PLANNING A~DPROGRAMMING
SHELDON 'MCCONKIEiPRE-CONSTRUCTION '
RICHARD ' RoBERTS, FISCAL PLANNING AND PROGRAMMING
, THE UTAH HIGHWAY ENVIRONMENTAL COUNCIL:
HARRY TULLIS, OGDEN,
STEVE LAWSON, OGDEN
DAVID LLOYD, SLC
JANET MINDEN, SLC
LARRELL MUIR, MURRAY
BERTRAM HARRISON, PROVO
JOHN BONNETT, AMI FORK
HAL CLYDE, SPRINGVLLLE
BATES~~ILSON, 'MOAB
FEDERAL HIGH\1AYADMINISTRATION: ' 127 S STATE, SLC
GEORGE BOHN '; DIVI S'lON ADMI 'NI S
'TRATOR
�
Text
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Local URL
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<a href="http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/highway89/id/106">http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/highway89/id/106</a>
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Digitized by: Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library
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2013
Conversion Specs
Scanned by Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library using Epson Expression 10000 scanner.
Checksum
3530602949
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493264 Bytes
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Logan Canyon highway: Important names
Description
An account of the resource
List of district officals, UDOT managment team, Utah highway environmental council, and Federal Highway Administration.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Logan Canyon (Utah)
United States Highway 89
Government agencies
Medium
The material or physical carrier of the resource.
Administrative records
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
Spatial Coverage
Spatial characteristics of the resource.
Logan Canyon (Utah)
Cache County (Utah)
Rich County (Utah)
Utah
United States
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1970-1979
1980-1989
1990-1999
20th century
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Sierra Club, Utah Chapter Archives, 1972-1986, COLL MSS 148 Series VIII Box 28 Folder 8
Is Referenced By
A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource.
View the inventory for this collection at: <a href="http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv03390">http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv03390</a>
Rights
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Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663.
Is Part Of
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Highway 89 Digital Collections
Type
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Text
Format
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application/pdf
Identifier
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MSS148VIIIB28_Fd8_Page_3.pdf
Highway 89;
-
http://highway89.org/files/original/4aab167326a2e50dddcd0f4d3d124809.pdf
021b884f7183484b21362be3640c017f
PDF Text
Text
LANDSCAPE MANAGEMEHT FOR ROADSIDES
IN LOGAR CANYON
The management direction for the visual resource in Logan Canyon is provided in
the Wasatch-Cache National Forest "Land and Resource Management Plan." The
plan calls for the canyon to be managed for a Visual Quality Objective (VQO) of
Retention. Retention allows man-made activities to occur which are not
visually evident. This objective guides the extent of activities which can
occur in the canyon. With this in mind, the roadway from Right Fork to Ricks
Springs was evaluated to determine the most sensit~ve visual areas. The
evaluation was based on possible changes of the existing visual 'condition on
both sides of the existing highway.
The capacity for the roadside to absorb alternation without losing its visual
character is critical. Therefore, developed criterior to identify capacity for
rating VQO' if road construction occurs. The criteria were then applied to
determine an agg~egate value for sensitivity and capability to meet objectives.
The following premises were used to develop the evaluation criteria:
PREMISES
Retention of roadside visual character
Any widening of the existing highway will require cut and/or filIon
the edge of the roadway.
Cuts will have a greater visual impact than fills.
Existing cuts and fills with dense vegetati on (trees and brush) will
be more difficult to restore than cuts and fi lls with little or no
vegetation.
The larger the cuts, the greater the visual impact.
Alteration of non-vegetated slopes and raw rock outcrops will not have
a major change on the visual character of a 2iven area.
Existing vegetation between the edge of the :~ ighway and river is
classified as riparian (see Forest Plan, page 4-32) and should not be
disturbed. The vegetation provides an impor t:.ant aesthetic unity viith
the river as well as providing important Wi ld life habitat.
Non-vegetated areas between the road and riv er (rip-rap) are in the
riparian zone. These areas are not as visually important as vegetated
riparian areas
EVALUATI01L ~BITERIA
The evaluation is based on the assumption that alterations may occur on either
side of the existing road surface. The capacity for the roadside to absorb
�these alterations depends on steepness of cuts, type of vegetation, and
proximity to the Logan River.
A numerical and color system is used to represent the most sensitive visual
areas. The higher the number and darker the color, the more sensitive the
area.
Roadsides with a 0-2 rating can absorb alterations related to road improvement
and still meet Retention VQO.
f
Roadsides with a 3~ rating can absorb alterations but will require major
mitigation (retaining walls, bridges, etc.) to meet Retention VQO.
Roadsides with a ~ rating cannot absorb alterations and still meet Retention,
due to the high sensitive landscape character.
�
Text
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Local URL
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<a href="http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/highway89/id/105">http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/highway89/id/105</a>
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To order photocopies, scans, or prints of this item for fair use purposes, please see Utah State University's Reproduction Order Form at: <a href="https://library.usu.edu/specol/using/copies.php">https://library.usu.edu/specol/using/copies.php</a>
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Digitized by: Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library
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2013
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Scanned by Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library using Epson Expression 10000 scanner.
Checksum
825709449
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Landscape management for roadsides in Logan Canyon
Description
An account of the resource
Evaluation of criteria for making changes to Logan Canyon according to a Visual Quality Objective and the ability for the landscape to absorb man-made alterations without losing the visual character of the Canyon.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Logan Canyon (Utah)
Traffic engineering
Medium
The material or physical carrier of the resource.
Administrative records
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
Spatial Coverage
Spatial characteristics of the resource.
Logan Canyon (Utah)
Cache County (Utah)
Utah
United States
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1970-1979
1980-1989
1990-1999
20th century
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Sierra Club, Utah Chapter Archives, 1972-1986, COLL MSS 148 Series VIII Box 29 Folder 6
Is Referenced By
A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource.
View the inventory for this collection at: <a href="http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv03390">http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv03390</a>
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663.
Is Part Of
A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included.
Highway 89 Digital Collections
Type
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Text
Format
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application/pdf
Identifier
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MSS148VIIIB29_Fd6_Item 10.pdf
Highway 89;
-
http://highway89.org/files/original/54d6597f7f5cc74697d3a35adfcedf3f.pdf
231c3d65bda49aa14ab4b611f7cd1afb
PDF Text
Text
TYPE OF ALTERATION
EXISTING VISUAL CONDITION
NON-VEGETATI~
2-6 ft. CUT
SENSITIVITY
RATING
______- - - -
o ·
r-
GRASS &
SHURBS
TREES
FORB~ ~___ - _ _
fL....-_i_
--
3
4
5
�TYPE OF ALTERATION
EXISTING VISUAL CONDITION
+6 ft. CUT
SENSITIVITY
RATING
NON-VEGET ATION
o
GRASS & FORBS
4
SHURBS
5
TREES
6
�RIPARIAN
SENSITIVITY RATING
NON-VEG.
5
WET
6
RIVER
7
�I:)
(J
~
(J
0
o:
c-
NON-VEGJ
GRASS & FORBS
.-- -
SHURBS
TREES
~
~
-
I-
II.
(J
z
w
..
...
...
:)
•
w
tn
N
Z
I
::)
l-
:)
~
~
t- .... :::».
... ..
z
...
(J
II.
(J
W
W
CD
I
tn
0 0 0 0
1 2 2 3
2 3 3 4
3 4- 4 5
._
-1..-- - ..
.
..- - . f-'-
-
-
-
_1-
-- -
RIPARIAN .
.CD
••
N
01
0
3 4 5
4 5- 6
5 6 7
-
~
-~ .
f-- -
~
- -~
-. -- .
NON-VEG.
-
WET
.--'--- --.--
RIVER
.
:.
-'
.
�CUT OR FILL AREAS
,.....---- Type of Cut or Fill
(5'cut)
~------Veg.
Cover on Slope
(Grass)
~----
Sensitivity Rating
RIPARIAN AREAS
.,......----Wet W
River R
(wet)
~
______ Sensitivity Rating
KEY
R=
N=
G=
S=
T=
Rock
Non-Veg.
Grass & Forbs
Shurbs
Trees
NR= Non-Veg. Riparian
W= Wet Riparian
R= River Riparian
1= 1-2 ft. Cut
2= 2-6 ft. Cut
6= 6+ ft. Cut
U= Unseen Fill
S= Seen Fill
By using a split-circle symbol shown above, an appropriate Sensitivity
Rating (and the information from which is was determined) can be shown
on each area of the map.
Areas with improtant scenic Features or Recreation Development increased
the sensitivity Rating by One.
�TYPE OF ALTERATION
EXISTING VISUAL CONDITION
SENSITIVITY
RATING
o
NON-VEGETATION·
GRASS & FORBS
ROCK CUT
'
1
SHURBS
2
TREES
3
)
�.
'"
------------------
" .~
,
..
TYPE OF ALTERATION
EXISTING VISUAL CONDITION
1-2 ft. CUT
. SENSITIVITY
. RATING
NON-VEGETATION .
.
.~~--....
fL..------_
i
___
2
~~ ____- - - - -
3
GRASS & FORBS
~~
SHURBS
TREES
0
4
�
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Local URL
The URL of the local directory containing all assets of the website
<a href="http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/highway89/id/102">http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/highway89/id/102</a>
Purchasing Information
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To order photocopies, scans, or prints of this item for fair use purposes, please see Utah State University's Reproduction Order Form at: <a href="https://library.usu.edu/specol/using/copies.php">https://library.usu.edu/specol/using/copies.php</a>
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Digitized by: Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library
Date Digital
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2013
Conversion Specs
Scanned by Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library using Epson Expression 10000 scanner.
Checksum
1358393504
File Size
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3037721 Bytes
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Graphic of types of alteration and sensitivity rating
Description
An account of the resource
Graphics of type of alterations including cut length and sensitivity rating on roads, riparian, rock cut, on the existing visual conditions.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Traffic engineering
Roads--Design and construction
Medium
The material or physical carrier of the resource.
Administrative records
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
Spatial Coverage
Spatial characteristics of the resource.
Logan Canyon (Utah)
Cache County (Utah)
Utah
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1970-1979
1980-1989
1990-1999
20th century
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives, Sierra Club, Utah Chapter Archives, 1972-1986, COLL MSS 148 Series VIII Box 29 Folder 6
Is Referenced By
A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource.
View the inventory for this collection at: <a href="http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv03390">http://uda-db.orbiscascade.org/findaid/ark:/80444/xv03390</a>
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663.
Is Part Of
A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included.
Highway 89 Digital Collections
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
application/pdf
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
MSS148VIIIB29_Fd6_Item 5.pdf
Highway 89;